THE. MIOCENE PERIOD. 307 
Molasse has yielded about the same number of plants, with 
about goo species of Insects, such as wood-eating Beetles 
Water-beetles, White Ants, Dragon-flies, &c. 
In Lelgtum, strata of both Lower and Upper Miocene age 
are known,—the former (2upelian Clays) containing numerous 
marine fossils; whilst the latter (Bolderberg Sands) have 
yielded numerous shells corresponding with those of the 
Faluns. 
In Austria, Miocene strata are largely developed, marine 
beds belonging to both the Lower and Upper division of the 
formation occurring extensively in the Vienna basin. The 
well-known Brown Coals of Radaboj, in Croatia, with numer- 
ous plants and insects, are also of Lower Miocene age. 
In Germany, deposits belonging to both the Lower and 
Upper division of the Miocene formation are extensively de- 
veloped. ‘To the former belong the marine strata of the May- 
ence basin, and the marine Aupelian Clay near Perlin ; whilst 
a celebrated group of strata belonging to the Upper Miocene 
occurs near Epplesheim, in Hesse-Darmstadt, and is well 
known for the number of its Mammalian remains. 
In Greece, at Pikermé, near Athens, there occurs a celebrated 
deposit of Upper Miocene age, well known to paleontologists 
through the researches of M.M. Wagner, Roth, and Gaudry 
upon the numerous Mammalia which it contains. In /fa/y, 
also, strata of both Lower and Upper Miocene age are well 
developed in the neighbourhood of Turin. 
In the Szwalik Hills, in India, at the southern foot of the 
Himalayas, occurs a series of Upper Miocene strata, which 
have become widely celebrated through the researches of Dr 
Falconer and Sir Proby Cautley upon the numerous remains 
of Mammals and Reptiles which they contain. Beds of corre- 
sponding age, with similar fossils, are known to occur in the 
island of Perim in the Gulf of Cambay. 
Lastly, Miocene deposits are found in Worth America, in 
New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, Missouri, California, Oregon, 
&c., attaining a thickness of 1500 feet or more. They consist 
principally of clays, sands, and sandstones, sometimes of 
marine and sometimes of fresh-water origin. Near Richmond, 
in Virginia, there occurs a remarkable stratum, wrongly called 
“ Tnfusorial Earth,” which is occasionally 30 feet in thickness, 
and consists almost wholly of the siliceous envelopes of cer- 
tain low forms of plants (Diatoms), along with the spicules of 
Sponges and other siliceous organisms (see fig. 16). The 
White River Group of Hayden occurs in the Upper Missouri 
region, and is largely exposed over the barren and desolate 
