316 HISTORICAL PALAONTOLOGY. 
and Goats. Thus the Paleoreas of the Upper Miocene of 
Greece may be regarded as a genuine Antelope; but the 
Fig. 244.—a, Skull of Hippopotamus Sivalensis, viewed from below, one-eighth of the 
natural size ; 4, Molar tooth of the same, showing the surface of the crown, one-half of 
the natural size; c, Front of the lower jaw of the same, showing the six incisors and the 
tusk-like canines, one-eighth of the natural size. Upper Miocene, Siwalik Hills. (After 
Falconer and Cautley.) 
Zragoceras of the same deposit is intermediate in its characters 
between the typical Antelopes and the Goats. Perhaps the 
most remarkable, however, of these Miocene Ruminants is the 
Stvatherium giganteum (fig. 245) of the Siwalik Hills, in India. 
In this extraordinary animal there were two pairs of horns, 
supported by bony “horn-cores,” so that there can be no 
hesitation in referring S7vatherium to the Cavicorn Rumin- 
ants. If all these horns had been simple, there would have 
been no difficulty in considering S7vatherium as simply a 
gigantic four-horned Antelope, essentially similar to the living 
Antilope (Tetraceros) guadricornis of India. The hinder pair 
of horns, however, is not only much larger than the front pair, 
but each possesses two branches or snags—a peculiarity not to 
be paralleled amongst any existing Antelope, save the abnormal 
Prongbuck (Antilocapra) of North America. Dr Murie, how- 
ever, in an admirable memoir on the structure and relationships 
