FAUNA OF THE POST-PLIOCENE. 359 
schatka, and the Stanovi Mountains (Dawkins): It occurs in 
the Pre-Glacial forest-bed of Cromer in Norfolk, survived the 
Fig. 267.—Molar tooth of the Mammoth (Elefhas primigenius), upper jaw, right side, 
one-third of the natural size. a, Grinding surface; 4, Side view. Post- Pliocene. 
Glacial period, and is found abundantly in Post-Glacial de- 
posits in France, Germany, Britain, Russia in Europe, Asia, 
and North America, being often associated with the Reindeer, 
Lemming, and Musk-ox. That it survived into the earlier 
portion of the human period is unquestionable, its remains 
having been found in a great number of instances associated 
with implements of human manufacture ; whilst in one instance 
a recognisable portrait of it has been discovered, carved on 
bone. 
Amongst other Elephants which occur in Post-Pliocene de- 
posits may be mentioned, as of special interest, the pigmy 
Elephants of Malta. One of these—the Alephas Melitensts, or 
so-called ‘‘ Donkey-Elephant”—was not more than four and 
a half feet in height. The other—the Lvephas Falconeri, of 
Busk—was still smaller, its average height at the withers not 
exceeding two and a half to three feet. 
Whilst herbivorous animals abounded during the Post- 
Pliocene, we have ample evidence of the coexistence with 
them of a number of Carnivorous forms, both in the New and 
the Old World. The Bears are represented in Europe by at 
least three species, two of which—namely, the great Grizzly 
Bear (Ursus ferox) and the smaller Brown Bear (Ursus arctos) 
—are in existence at the present day. The third speciesis the 
