304 HISTORICAL PALAAONTOLOGY. 
regions during the Post-Glacial division of Post-Plocene time 
cannet be doubted fora moment. As to the physical peculi- 
arities of the ancient races that lived with the Mammoth and 
the Woolly Rhinoceros, little is known compared with what 
we may some day hope to know. Such information as we 
have, however, based principally on the skulls of the Engis, 
Neanderthal, Cro-Magnon, and Bruniquel caverns, would lead 
to the conclusion that Post-Plocene Man was in no respect 
inferior in his organisation to, or less highly developed than, 
many existing races. All the known skulls of this period, with 
the single exception of the Neanderthal cranium, are in all 
respects average and normal in their characters ; and even the 
Neanderthal skull possessed a cubic capacity at least equal to 
that of some existing races. The implements of Post-Phocene 
Man are exclusively of stone or bone; and the former are 
invariably of rude shape and wzdressed. ‘These “ palzeolithic ” 
tools (Gr. palaios, ancient ; “thos, stone) point to a very early 
condition of the arts; since the men of the earlier portion 
of the Recent period, though likewise unacquainted with the 
metals, were in the habit of polishing or dressing the stone 
implements which they fabricated. 
It is impossible here to enter further into this subject ; and 
it would be useless to do so without entering as well into a 
consideration of the human remains of the Recent period—a 
period which lies outside the province of the present work. So 
far as Post-Pliocene Man is concerned, the chief points which 
the paleontological student has to remember have been else- 
where summarised by the author as follows :— 
1. Man unquestionably existed during the later portion of 
what Sir Charles Lyell has termed the ‘‘ Post-Pliocene” period. 
In other words, Man’s existence dates back to a time when 
several remarkable Mammals, previously mentioned, had not 
yet become extinct; but he does not date back to a time 
anterior to the present J/Zo/luscan fauna. 
2. The antiquity of the so-called Post-Pliocene period is 
a matter which must be mainly settled by the evidence of 
Geology proper, and need not be discussed here. 
3. The extinct Mammals with which man coexisted in 
Western Europe are mostly of large size, the most important 
being the Mammoth (£vephas primigenius), the Woolly Rhino- 
ceros (Rhinoceros tichorhinus), the Cave-lion (Fis spelea), the 
Cave-hyzena (Hyena spelea), and the Cave-bear ( Ursus speleus). 
We do not know the causes which led to the extinction of 
these Mammals; but we know that hardly any Mammalian 
species has become extinct during the historical period. 
