FAUNA OF THE. POST-PLIOCENE. 305 
4. The extinct Mammals with which man coexisted are re- 
ferable in many cases to species which presumably required a 
very different climate to that now prevailing in Western Europe. 
How long a period, however, has been consumed in the bring- 
ing about of the climatic changes thus indicated, we have no 
means of calculating with any approach to accuracy. 
5. Some of the deposits in which the remains of man have 
been found associated with the bones of extinct Mammals, are 
such as to show incontestably that great changes in the phy- 
sical geography and surface-configuration of Western Europe 
have taken place since the period of their accumulation. We 
have, however, no means at present of judging of the lapse of 
time thus indicated except by analogies and comparisons which 
may be disputed. 
6. The human implements which are associated with the 
remains of extinct Mammals, themselves bear evidence of an 
exceedingly barbarous condition of the human species. Post- 
Pliocene or * Palaeolithic” Man was clearly unacquainted with 
the use of any of the metals. Not only so, but the workman- 
ship of these ancient races was much inferior to that of the 
later tribes, who were also ignorant of the metals, and who 
also used nothing but weapons and tools of stone, bone, &c. 
7. Lastly, it is only with the human remains of the Post- 
Pliocene period that the paleontologist proper has to deal. 
When we enter the “ Recent” period, in which the remains of 
Man are associated with those of existing species of Mammals, 
we pass out of the region of pure palzeontology into the do- 
main of the Archeologist and the Ethnologist. 
LITERATURE. 
The following are some of the principal works and memoirs to which 
the student may refer for information as to the Post-Pliocene deposits and 
the remains which they contain, as well as to the primitive races of man- 
kind :— 
(1) ‘ Elements of Geology.’ Lyell. 
(2) ‘ Antiquity of Man.’ Lyell. 
) § Palzeontological Memoirs.’ Falconer. 
(4) ‘The Great Ice-age.” James Geikie. 
(5) ‘ Manual of Palzontology.’ Owen. 
(6) * British Fossil Mammals and Birds.’ Owen. 
(7) ‘Cave-Hunting.’ Boyd Dawkins. 
(8) ‘ Prehistoric Times.’ Lubbock. 
(9) ‘ Ancient Stone Implements.’ Evans. 
(10) ‘ Prehistoric Man.’ Daniel Wilson. 
(11) ‘Prehistoric Races of the United States.’ Foster. 
(12) ‘Manual of Geology.’ Dana. 
