400 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF FOSSILS 



monkeys, the anthropoid apes and man. The first, or the 

 family Cercopithecidae, includes the extinct Oreopithecus 

 (Middle Miocene of Europe) and the living baboons, macaques 

 and langurs. The anthropoid apes, or the family Simiidae, 

 include the extinct Pliopithecus (Lower Miocene to Lower 

 Pliocene) and Dryopithecus (Middle to Upper Miocene) of 

 Europe, and the four living anthropoid apes, the gibbon 

 (Hylobates), the orang-utan (Simia), the gorilla (Gorilla) 

 and the chimpanzee (Anthropopithecus). Finally the family 

 Hominidae, or man, includes the extinct Sussex man {Eoan- 

 thropus dawsoni), the Heidelberg man {Homo heidelhergensis) 

 and the Neanderthal man {Homo primigenius), all from the 

 Pleistocene, as well as modern man. Homo sapiens. 



1. Define Mammalia. What is the significance of the name ? 



2. What are the placental mammals ? Why so called ? 



3. In what ways do the mammals represent an advance 

 upon the reptiles ? Your reasons ? 



4. Into what various habitats have mammals diverged ? 



5. Since the beginning of the Tertiary thousands of species of 

 mammals have become extinct and many others have dis- 

 appeared from a former habitat. Give some probable causes of 

 such extinction, especially during {a) the Pliocene and {b) the 

 Pleistocene. 



6. Show that the three sub-classes of the mammals represent 

 an ascending series. 



7. Enumerate the orders of mammals, giving a living and 

 a fossil example of each where possible, and the significance 

 of the names. 



8. Give the geologic range of the Monotremata; the Mar- 

 supialia. 



9. What marsupials exist outside the Australian region? 

 Where? 



10. Define Cheiroptera, giving geologic range. 



11. What are the Carnivora ? Distinguish their three divi- 

 sions, giving an example under each, stating likewise the 

 geologic range of each. 



12. How are rodents distinguished? Give the significance of 

 the name ; the geologic range. 



13. Under what order has Glyptodon been placed? Why? 



