438 



INDEX — GLOSSARY 



Pedal, pertaining to the foot. 



Pedal ganglia, in gastropods, 237; gan- 

 glia, in pelecypods, 221. 



Pedicellaria (plu. pedicellarias), in echi- 

 noids, 168. 



Pedicle, 187; attachment of, 203; in a 

 vertebra, 326; of brachiopods, 181, 

 182; opening, 181, 182; valve, 181, 

 182, 188. 



Pedicle valve, 181, 182, 188; dis- 

 tinguished from brachial valve, i8g; 

 secretion of, 189. 



Pedipalpida, 316. 



Pelecypod, ideal section through, 210 ; 

 shells distinguished from brachiopod 

 shells, 190, 222. 



Pelecypoda, 206, 208-234 ! ^(^^ pelecy- 

 pods and Venus. 



Pelecypods, 206, 208-234 ; anterior end 

 of shell distinguished from posterior 

 end, 222; blood of, 220; digestive 

 system of, 220; food of, etc., see 

 Venus; fossils of , 223-234; function of 

 teeth of shell of, 221 ; geologic range 

 of, 222, 409; muscles of , 221 ; nervous 

 system of, 221 ; right valve dis- 

 tinguished from left valve, 221 ; sexes 

 of, 221; survey of, 219-222 ; valves of, 

 221. 



Pelmatozoa, 154. 



Pennsylvanian, 407. 



Pennsylvanian fossils figured, 49, 50, 

 52, 54, 55, 57, 5S, 91, 199, 350. 



Pentacrinus, 159, 160-162 ; P. asteriscus, 

 160, 162; P. caput-meduscE, 160; 

 ambulacral grooves of, 161 ; ambula- 

 cral system of, 161 ; calyx of, 161 ; 

 cirri of, 160; evolution in, 162; food 

 of, 161 ; nervous system of, 161 ; pin- 

 nules of, 161 ; plates of, 161 ; recapit- 

 ulation in, 162 ; sexes of, 162 ; skele- 

 ton of, i6i ; stalk of, 162. 



Pentremites, 157-159; P. pyriformis, 

 158; ambulacral grooves, 158; calyx 

 of, 157 ; marginal pores of, 158, 158 ; 

 nerves of, 158; plates of, 159. 



Perches, 348. 



Perianth, 76. 



Pericardial sinus, in crustaceans, 279, 

 281. 



Pericardium, of crustaceans, 279; of 

 gastropods, 237; of pelecypods, 212. 



Period, 407. 



Periosteum, 324; a use of, 329; func- 

 tion of, 324. 



Peripatus, 308 ; fossil, 308. 



Peripheral nervous system, in mammals, 

 iii- 



Periproct, in echinoids, 167, 167. 



Perissodactyla, 389-396; see perisso- 

 dactyls. 



Perissodactyls, 389 39^ ; geologic range 

 of, 389. 



Periwinkle, the small marine gastropod, 

 Littorina; often also applied to 

 Busy con. 



Perlaria, 319. 



Permian, 407. 



Permian fossils figured, 350. 



Petrifaction, 8, 11, 15. 



Phacops, 298-299; P. rana, 298, 299; 

 eyes of, 292. 



Phalangers, flying, 378. 



Phalanges, middle, 395; of birds, 370, 

 372; of fore limb, 325, 327, 327; 

 of hind limb, 325, 327, 327; of mam- 

 mals, 385, 386; of reptiles, 362, 366, 

 367; proximal, 395; terminal, 395; 

 ungual, 395- 



Phalangida, 316. 



Phalangiotarbi, 316. 



Phalangium, 316. 



Phanerogams, 45. 



Pharynx, the part of the digestive canal 

 between the mouth and the esophagus. 



Phascolotherium, 378. 



Phasmoidea, 318. 



Phenacodus, 385 ; P. primavus, 384, 385; 

 restoration of, 384. 



Phloem, 79. 



Phoronida, 181 ; geologic range of, 409. 



Phoronis, 181. 



Phragmocone, compared to the tetra- 

 branch shell, 272; of Belcmnites, 271, 

 272. 



Phycomycete, 41, 41. 



Phylactolaemata, 175, 177, 180. 



Phyllocarida, 306. 



Phyllograptus, 118; P. angustif alius, 

 119; P. ilkifolius, 119. 



Phyllopoda, see phyllopods. 



Phyllopods, 285, 299-303, 306; rela- 

 tionship to trilobites, 293. 



Physalia, 121. 



