BERKELEY, ON CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 181 
Fungi. In the higher Fungi, certain cells swell and become clavate, pro- 
ducing on their surface a number of little points, each of which is terminated 
by a spore. In remella, this clavate swelling has much the appearance of 
fruit, but the points upon its surface are greatly elongated, and true fruit at 
last is produced. In certain cases, these spores produce from their surface 
minute processes, supposed by Tulasne to be male organs. These can only 
be seen with a nice adjustment of the light. Their existence has been 
verified by myself and Mr. Broome; their functions, however, at present 
must be considered doubtful. In the gelatinous fungus, which is so 
comnion on Juniper (Podisoma), the bodies I have represented are very like 
these sporophores in Tremella, but they germinate truly like other spores, 
and are remarkable for germinating at definite points. The threads they put 
out produce in fact the true fruit. This holds good equally of all the blight 
or rust-like Fungi, such as affect corn and other living plants. 
‘A different order of things prevails amongst the higher Cryptogams. 
The spores germinate and produce a more or less foliaceous mass, which 
after impregnation bears fruit containing bodies like the original spores, or 
a plant capable of bearing such spores, in which case it is called a prothallus. 
After a time, certain pitcher-like processes project from it, or are sunk in 
its substance. A cell at the base of these urns, when impregnated, grows 
after the fashion of the first cell of the embryo in Phenogams. In some 
cases, then, the cells which arise from germination are developed, as in 
mosses, into a plant directly, reproducing spores by which the cycle is again 
accomplished ; in others, as in Ferns and Club-mosses, an embryo more or 
less resembling those of Phznogams is first generated, which strikes root 
and sends out an ascending stem, which sometimes grows into an enormous 
tree, producing every year a crop of spores. The spores, then, in these 
different plants are of very different values, and in no respect homologous 
with the seeds of plants. Cryptogams have, in fact, no true separable 
seeds, though, in the highest forms which they assume, they generate an 
innate embryo. Without some such notion, though I am obliged to antici- 
pate matters to be described more fully hereafter, 1t is scarcely possible to 
estimate the true relations of Cryptogams to Phenogams.” 
In gomg through this work we had marked several 
passages as adapted for introduction into our pages, but 
these are so many, that we can only recommend our readers 
to purchase the volume, in order to become acquainted with 
them. We must, however, give one more illustration from 
the details of the work, and this one we take from Mr. 
Berkeley’s account of the Hyphomycetous Fungi. To this 
group belong that very interesting series of organisms known 
by the name of moulds. 
“The species contained in the division Hyphomycetes, consist of Fungi 
which, like Mucorini, are known under the common name of moulds. All 
organized matter is soon compelled by their agency to undergo chemical 
change, or when chemical change has taken place supplies a fitting matrix 
for their development. ‘The common blue mould of cheese, the brick-red 
cheese mould, and the scarlet or orange strata which grow on tubers or 
roots stored up for use, when commencing to decay, are familiar examples. 
Nothing, however, escapes their ravages. The silk or cloth stored up in 
our wardrobes, the meal and sugar of our kitchens, nay, the very glass of 
our windows, suffer in greater or in less degree. Ina few cases, as in cheese, 
