1910] Forbes—Aquatic Caterpillars 223 
costa to the submedian space, and then turning inward as far as the middle of the 
wing; preceded by an equal band of brilliant bronze. Subterminal fine, even, 
black, not reaching either costa or inner edge, and preceded by a broader line of 
grayish white. Subterminal space dark bronze; terminal space tawny, with a 
golden reflection. Fringe lead-colored. Hind wing not differing from that of the 
female. The wings are rather broader. 
2. Groundcolor, dull tawny brown, about the color of the subterminal space 
of the male, but not brilliantly bronzy. T. p. band grayish, not contrasting, sub- 
terminal line preceded by a less brilliant gray band; wings narrower. 
Seminealis is an exceedingly close relative of N. obscuralis and 
badiusalis, and if juncealis is equally close, as Guénée’s figure would 
suggest, Oligostigma will have to be widened to include the two 
former species, and will at best be a very subordinate subgenus 
of Nymphula, group Paraponyx. The slight truncation of the 
hind wings, given in the definition of Oligostigma, is shared by the 
other two. Vittatalis and the East Indian species have, however,! 
quite a different appearance. 
Caterpillars were common, and were bred through. ‘They come 
nearest to those of N. obscuralis, described by Hart, but the adult 
caterpillar has but four filaments to a gill, while maculalis has six. 
They have also a different food-plant; and none were found on 
Potamogeton which is common intermingled with the Limnan- 
themum. Four stages were seen, and the first was proba- 
bly missed, as the head of the smallest found was too large for a 
normal Nymphula egg. It will probably resemble those of macu- 
lalis and gyralis (?) and be without gills. 
Stage II. Maximum number of filaments one; width of head 4mm. At this 
stage the caterpillar is a leaf-miner, lying close to the lower epidermis, and forms 
a somewhat trumpet-shaped mine. 
Stage III. Maximum number of filaments two, the anterior subdorsals and 
stigmatals with but one; head .7mm. The caterpillar now removes the lower 
epidermis as well as the parenchyma, and covers itself with a fragment of leaf. 
It forms a path continuous with its previous mine. 
Stage IV. Maximum number of filaments three; head .9mm. A case is now 
formed between a leaf and a piece cut out, or between two neighboring leaves. 
The red lower surface is eaten in a series of bands within the nest, forming a very 
characteristic marking; a habit which persists till the caterpillar is full grown, 
unlike maculalis, which after an early stage does not feed within the nest. 
Last Stage. Maximum number of filaments four; head 1.3mm. Habits as in 
the preceding stage, but the case is more often made between two complete leaves, 

1] am indebted to Mr. W. D. Kearfott for the opportunity of seeing specimens of this genus. 
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