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1914] Smith—The Development of Anopheles punctipennis Say 15 
to draw up, with a strong pulling away from the posterior end. 
(10.20 p. m.) The integument of the anterior end splits all at 
once, very quickly, and the two siphons are drawn out instantly, 
the rest of the body being drawn out with a sudden twist. (10.22) 
It has shaken off the skin and lies quietly expanding once more. 
The actual change has taken place in a little less than two minutes. 
After ten minutes, with a final jerk, it is a fully developed pupa, 
darting here and there. 
The Pupa. The color of the pupa is similar to that of the larva, 
showing either the stripe or the blotch of white, or else being 
green or brown. They all turn quite dark before emerging. The 
pupal period is about two days. 
One specimen which had changed to the pupa at 7.30 Pp. M. on 
July 1, at 5 p. M. on July 3 had emerged as the adult. The ther- 
mometer was above 90 degrees during both days. By the begin- 
ning of the second day the pupa showed evidence of the coming 
change. 
At the anterior end of the pupa three parallel grooves appeared, 
the central one of which lengthened as the hours passed. ‘Two dark 
spots suddenly appeared near the anterior end. Across the thorax 
between the respiratory siphons came a transparent place in the 
integument, in the center of which the heart was seen. Above 
the heart is a mass of striations arranged in a V-shaped structure. 
Each of the striations shows a dark rounded base or origin, and 
when compared with the thorax of the adult is plainly a hair. 
They appear at the beginning of the second day, and grow more 
distinct. 
The Emergence of the Adult. After the changes mentioned above, 
the whole pupa becomes very dark in color, and remains very 
quiet, except for frequent quiverings. The heart beats more 
rapidly than hitherto, as may be seen through the transparent 
integument. Suddenly the abdomen becomes straight and the 
body erect. Through the skin the stigmata within the thorax 
may be seen in pulsation close to the wings. Before we are aware 
of any break in the pupa case, the head and mouth parts are com- 
pletely out. They remain bent downward for considerable time, 
the wings, abdomen and legs being gradually drawn out. The 
wings come first and are kept flat and folded over one another, the 
spots being clearly visible from the first, although the whole wing 
