36 PROTOZOA—RHIZOPODA CLASS I 
posits occasionally of great thickness. Numerous representatives of the 
Lagenidae (Nodosaria, Dentalina, etc.), Teatularidae, Rotalidae, and even the 
Nummulinidae accompany the rock-building forms, and continue for the most 
part throughout the Permian. Except in the Alps, the Triassic is almost 
destitute of Foraminifera, and even the pure limestones and dolomites of the 
Alpine Triassic have usually become so altered by metamorphism as to render 
the recognition of tests well-nigh impossible. Notwithstanding, Globigerina 
limestone has been discovered in the Upper Triassic of the Northern Alps, 
and tests of Cristellaria, Marginulina, Globigerina, Textularia, Biloculina, ete., are 
found in the St. Cassian beds. 
Certain argillaceous and calcareous strata of the Lias and Jura contain 
vast quantities of minute, vitreo-perforate or silicious Foraminifera. In the 
Cretaceous, Textularia, Rotalia, Cristellaria, Globigerina, Miliola, and Coccoliths are 
essential constituents of the White Chalk. Individual beds of the Maestricht 
Chalk consist almost entirely of Calcarina remains ; in the Urgo-Aptian Orb- 
itolina is the chief rock-builder ; in the Upper Cretaceous Alveolina. 
The maximum development of the Foraminifera falls in the Tertiary 
period. Massive beds of the Eocene Calcaire Grossier occurring in the Paris 
basin and in the Pyrenees, and affording an excellent building material, are 
composed of Miliolidae remains ; other Eocene limestones consist of <Alveolina, 
Operculina, Orbitolites, and Orbitoides aggregations. But of far greater geological 
importance are the Nuwmimulites, which occur in incredible abundance in the 
Eocene and Oligocene Nummulites-formations of the Mediterranean district, 
Asia Minor, and Eastern Asia. 
During the late Tertiary the Nummulites almost entirely disappear ; only 
Amphistegina continues as an occasional rock-builder, and from the middle 
and later Tertiary on, the Foraminifera fauna remains very nearly the same 
as now.! 
1 [Additional references to the Literature on Protozoa : 
Soldani, A., Testaceographia ac Zoophytographia, ete., 1789. 
Fichtel und Moll, Testacea microscopia aliaque minuta ex generibus Argonauta et Nautilus, 1803. 
Dujardin, F., Observations sur les Rhizopodes (Comptes Rendus), 1835. 
Claparede et Lachmann, Etudes sur les Infusoires et les Rhizopodes, 1858-59. 
Parker and Jones, Nomenclature of the Foraminifera (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.), 1858-75. 
Terquem, O., Mémoires sur les Foraminiféres du Lias (Mém, de l’Acad. Imp. de Metz), 1858-66. 
Williamson, W. C., On the Recent Foraminifera of Great Britain, 1858. 
Miiller, J., Ueber die Thalassicolen, Polycystinen, und Acanthometren (Abhandl. Berliner Akad.), 1858. 
2euss, BE. A., Entwurf einer systematischen Zusammenstellung der Foraminiferen, 1861. 
Jones, Parker, and Brady, Monograph of the Foraminifera of the Crag, 1868. 
Ehrenberg, C. G., Mikrogeologische Studien iiber das kleinste Leben der Meeres-Tiefgrunde, ete. 
(Abhandl. Berliner Akad.), 1872. 
Zittel, K. A. von, Ueber fossile Radiolarien der oberen Kreide (Zeitschr. d. deutsch. geol. 
Gesellsch.), 1876. 
Leidy, J., Freshwater Rhizopods of North America (Rept. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. XII.), 1879. 
Dunibowski, E. von, Die Spongien, Radiolarien, und Foraminiferen der Unter-Liasischen Schichten 
von Schafburg (Denkschr. Wiener Akad.), 1882. 
Brandt, K., Die koloniebildenden Radiolarien (Sphaerozoéen) des Golfes von Neapel, 1885. 
Hiéusler, R., Monographie der Foraminiferen- Fauna der schweizerschen 'Transversarius - Zone 
(Abhandl. der schweiz. paliiont. Gesellsch,), 1890. 
Perner, J., Ueber die Foraminiferen des béhmischen Cenomans. Palaeontographica Bohemica 
No. 1 (Abhandl. der k. bohm. Gesellsch. der Wissen, II. Classe), 1892. 
Sherborn, C. D., Index to the Genera and Species of the Foraminifera (Smithsonian Mise. Coll. vol. 
XXXVII.), 1893-95. 
Very extensive bibliographies are contained in the works of Carpenter and Brady, cited on p. 19. 
Reference may also be made here to the exhaustive bibliography of the Sponges, which will be found 
in the monographs of Hinde and Rauff, cited on p. 42.—TRans.] 
