58 COELENTERATA—SPONGIAE _ CLASS I 
rows ; canals short, ending blind. Framework compact, with fine meshes ; dermal 
layer replaced by thicken- 
ing of outermost skeletal 
layer. Spicular nodes solid, 
more rarely perforate. 
Cretaceous. 
Leptophragma, itt. 
Beaker-shaped, with root- 
like attachment. Walls 
thin, covered on both 
sides with small canal- 
openings arranged in 
alternating rows. Mesh- 
work very closely woven, 
spicular nodes _ solid. 
Middle and Upper Cre- 
taceous. 
res he Pleurostoma, Roem., 
‘Coscinopora infundibuliformis, Goldf. Upper Cretaceous; Coesfeld, Guettardia, Mich. Cre- 
Westphalia. a, Complete individual, 1/) natural size; 6, Outer surface, taceous 
natural size ; c, Same, 3/;; d, Skeleton of cup, 12/; ; e, Skeleton of root, 12/;. “© : pa 
Coscinopora, Goldf. 
(Fig. 75). Beaker-like, with branching roots. Ostia small, round, and in 
alternating rows. Skeletal elements in part with perforated intersection nodes. 
Root consisting of long silicious fibres. Dermal layer formed by thickening 
and fusion of outermost hexactins. Cretaceous. 

Family 3. Staurodermidae.  Zittel. 
Top-shaped, funnel-shaped, or cylindrical, more rarely branching or im clumps. 
Ostia and postica irregularly distributed, or in alternating rows. Skeletal framework 
more or less regular; itersection 
nodes thick or octahedrally excavated, 
The outer, or both surfaces of the 
wall provided with large, stellate 
spicules (stauractins), which differ 
from those of the rest of the skeleton, 
and are either but loosely cemented 
together, or are embedded in a con- 
tinuous silicious skin. Jurassic and 
Cretaceous. 
Cypellia, Zitt. (Fig. 76). Top- 
shaped, bowl-shaped, or branching, 
without root. Canals  irregu- 
larly distributed, crooked, and Fic. 76. 
branched. Lattice skeleton with ,,,{mlit mgm, Gold, sp. Upper Jumssies, Stralthens 
irregular meshes, intersection 
nodes perforated. Dermal layer composed of large, four-rayed  stauractins 
embedded in a thin, continuous, or perforated skin. Very common in Upper 
Jurassic Spongitenkalk. 
a b 

