CLASS II BRACHIOPODA 291 
is especially well developed in the vicinity of Le Mans, Havre, and Essen, and in 
Saxony, Northern Germany, and Bohemia. 
Bryozoans are surprisingly abundant in the Upper Cretaceous, particularly in the 
Upper Pliner of Northern Germany, Saxony, and Bohemia, in the White Chalk, and 
the facies of Aix-la-Chapelle and Maestricht. d’Orbigny alone has described not less 
than 547 species of Upper Cretaceous Cyclostomata, and about 300 Chilostomata. 
The Chilostomata retain their supremacy throughout the Tertiary period. The 
Eocene and Oligocene deposits of the northern and southern slopes of the Alps are 
remarkable for the abundance of their Bryozoan remains ; some of the most noted 
Eocene localities being Kressenberg, Hammer, and Neubeuern in Upper Bavaria ; 
Mossano, Crosara, and Priabona, near Vicenza; and Oberburg in Styria. The 
Oligocene of Northern Germany, and the Miocene of Touraine, the Rhone Valley, 
Upper Swabia, and the Vienna Basin, are also remarkably rich in Bryozoan remains. 
The Pliocene fauna of Italy, Rhodes, Cyprus,and England (notably the Coralline Crag), 
is made up almost entirely of existing genera, and in many cases of existing species. 
[The entire systematic portion of the preceding Bryozoan chapter has been prepared for the 
present edition by Mr. E. O. Ulrich, whose important researches in this and other depart- 
ments of invertebrate palaeontology are familiar to all students of the science. —TRANS. | 
Class 2. BRACHIOPODA. Cuvier. Dumeril.! 
Bivalved Molluscoidea with inequivalved, equilateral shells attached to eatraneous 
oljects by a posterior prolongation of the body, or pedicle, throughout life or during only 
1 Literature: A. Systematic Works. 
von Buch, L., Ueber Terebrateln, Berlin, 1834.—Aing, W., A Monograph of Permian Fossils 
(Palaeont. Soc.), 1849.— Davidson, T., Monograph of British Fossil Brachiopoda, vols. I.-V. (Palaeont. 
Soc.), 1851-86.—Hall, J., Descriptions and Figures of the Fossil Brachiopoda of the Devonian 
(Palaeont. of New York, vol. IV.), 1867.—Quenstedt, F. A., Petrefactenkunde Deutschlands, 
Bd. IL., 1871.—Deslongchamps-Eudes, E., Paléontologie Francaise, Terr. Jurass. vol. [V., 1879.— 
Barrande, J., Systeme Silurien du Centre de la Bohéme, vol. V., 1879.—Waagen, W., Salt Range 
Fossils (Palaeont. Indica, ser. XIII., vol. I.), 1882-85.—Deslongchamps, E., Etudes critiques sur les 
Brachiopodes nouveaux ou peu connus, 1884.—Davidson, T., A Monograph of Recent Brachiopoda 
(Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. [V.), 1886-88.—Bitiner, A., Brachiopoda der alpinen Trias (Abhandl. der geol. 
Reichs-Anst., Wien, Bd. X VI., XVIJ.), 1891-92.—Hal/, J., and Clarke, J. M., Introduction to the 
Study of Palaeozoic Brachiopoda (Palaeont. of New York, vol. VIII.), 1892-95.— Winchell, N. H., and 
Schuchert, C., The Lower Silurian Brachiopoda of Minnesota (Minn. Geol. Survey, vol. III.), 1893. 
B. Anatomy, Embryology, and Classification. 
Hancock, A., On the Organisation of Brachiopoda (Phil. Trans., vol. CXLVIII.), 1858.—Dald, 
W. H., A Revision of the Terebratulidae and Lingulidae (Amer. Journ. Conchol., vol. VI.), 1870.— 
Morse, A. A., On the Early Stages of Terebratulina septentrionalis (Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 
vol. II.), 1873.—On the Systematic Position of the Brachiopoda (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 
vol. XV.), 1873.—Kovalevski, A. O., Observation on the Development of Brachiopoda (Proc. Imp. 
Soc. Amateur Nat. Moscow, vol. XIV.), 1874.—Brooks, W. K., The Development of Lingula and the 
Systematic Position of the Brachiopoda (Sci. Results Chesapeake Zool. Lab.), 1878.—~Shipley, A. E., 
On the Structure and Development of Argiope (Mittheil. Zool. Station Neapel, Bd. IV.), 1883.— 
Oehlert in Fischer’s Manuel de Conchyliologie. Paris, 1887.—Beecher, C. E., and Clarke, J. M., 
The Development of some Silurian Brachiopoda (Mem. New York State Museum, vol. I.), 1889.— 
Beecher, C. E., Development of the Brachiopoda (Amer. Journ. Sci., vols. XLI., XLIV.), 1891-92 
—Revision of the Families of Loop-bearing Brachiopoda (Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. [X.), 1893.— 
Beecher, C. E., and Schuchert, C., Development of the Shell and the Brachial Supports in Dielasma 
and Zygospira (Proc. Biol. Soc., Washington, vol. VIII.), 1893.—Hall, J., and Clarke, J. M., An 
Introduction to the Study of the Brachiopoda (Report of the New York State Geologist, Parts I. and 
II.), 1892-93.—Schuchert, C., A Classification of the Brachiopoda (Amer. Geol., vols. XI., XIII.), 
1893-94. —Synopsis of American Fossil Brachiopoda (Bull. U.S. Nat. Museum), 1896.—Crane, A., 
The Evolution of the Brachiopoda (Geol. Mag., vol. XXII.), 1895. 
C. Bibliography. 
Dall, W. H., Index to the Names which have been applied to the Subdivisions of the Class 
Brachiopoda (Bull. U.S. Nat. Museum, No. 8), 1877.—Davidson, T., and Dalton, W. H., Bibliography 
of the Brachiopoda (Palaeont. Soc.), 1886.—Schuchert, C., Synopsis, etc., see above. 
