SUB-ORDER D STYLOMMATOPHORA 495 
left side of the head. Buccal retractors present ; lung foramen and anus anterior to end 
of foot, not ventral. 
This sub-order comprises most recent and all fossil land snails, and is divisible 
into series or superfamily groups. The families proper are based almost wholly upon 
characters of the soft anatomy, which are herein largely omitted or abridged. 
Superfamily 1. HOLOPODA. Pilsbry. 
No longitudinal grooves above the margins of the foot ; jaw present, teeth quadrate. 
Family 1. Helicidae. Keferstein. Helices. 
Shell depressed, globose, or oval and elevated. Tertiary and Recent. 
This comprises an enormous assemblage in the recent fauna, but most of the genera 
have not as yet been found fossil. All the typical forms will probably in time be 
traced back to the Eocene. Sub-family and generic characters are based largely upon 
the genital system, and hence are of 
little practical importance to the 
palaeontologist. A 
Polygyra, Say.  Globose or de- 
pressed, with the lp reflected, often 
toothed. Miocene to Recent; North 
America. 
Sagda, Beck. Glossy, with a A, Dimorphoptychia Arnouldi, Michaud. Lower Eocene ; 
close whorls, the last usually with Rilly, near Rheims. B, Helix (Campylaea) injleva, Klein. 
internal laminae and a sharp Tip. BpMF Mlocmes Momingen, | Helindonta tae, 
Oligocene to Recent ; Antilles. 
Pleurodonte, Fisch. de Wald. Solid, large, depressed, and generally keeled ; aperture 
often toothed. Oligocene to Recent ; Antilles, Florida. 
Heliz, Linn. (Fig. 1038, A, B). Shell semi-globose, conical to discoidal, manifesting 
great variability of form. Aperture oblique, crescentic or rounded, with disconnected 
margins. Very profuse in the Tertiary and Recent of Europe and adjacent regions of 
Asia and Africa. 
Helicodonta, Fer. (Fig. 1038, C). Similar to Helix, but with thickened or 
denticulated lip. Oligocene to Recent ; Europe. 
Other allied genera occur in European Tertiary deposits. Recent 
Helicidae reproducing by extraordinarily large eggs are the following :— 
Helicophanta of Madagascar; Acavus, Ceylon; Panda, 
Australia ; Strophochetlus, South America. 

Fic. 1035. 
Family 2. Bulimulidae. Fischer. 
Shell elongated, ovate, with narrow wmbilicus or none. 
Tertiary and Recent. 
Bulimulus, Leach. Miocene to Recent; America. Am- 
phidromus, Alb. Tertiary ; Europe and Asia. 

Fic. 1039. 
A, Clausilia bulimoides, A. Family 3. Pupidae. 
Braun. Lower Miocene; z 3 ; 4 
moleen: as uae BAG: Shell small, cylindrical or oval, with narrow whorls. 
antiqua, Schiibler. Sai c 
lodalityer. me Tertiary and Recent. 
Claustlia, Drap. (Fig. 1039). Shell turreted to fusiform, 
slender, sinistral. Aperture pyriform, with usually continuous peristome. Inner lip 
