684 ARTHROPODA SUB-KINGDOM VII 
blattariae, Scudder. According to Brongniart, the female was, in some cases at least, 
provided with a long ovipositor. 
The Forficulidae (Earwigs) are found in the Lias of Aargau, in 
amber, and in the Tertiary of Aix, Oeningen, Monte Bolca, and 
Florissant. 
True Blattariae (Cockroaches proper) begin in the Trias of 
Colorado and Europe, and occur quite abundantly in the Lias of 
Schambelen, Aargau, and in the Upper Jura of England and 
Bavaria. They have also been shown to exist in amber and in 
different Tertiary localities. Examples: Scutinoblattina, Neor- 
throblattina, Legnophora, Trias. Blattidiwm, Rithma, Mesoblattina, 
Blabera, Jura. 

Fic. 1445. 
Progonoblattina Col- 
umbiana, Scudder. s 
Coal Measures ; Mazon Fie. 1446, 
Creek, Illinois. 2/}. Drymadusa speciosa, Heer sp. Miocene; Oeningen, Baden. 2/;. 

Fossil remains of Mantidae and Phasmidae (Walking Sticks) occur rarely in the 
Tertiary. The Acridiidae (Grasshoppers) ; Locustidae (Locusts, Fig. 
1446) ; and Gryllidae (Crickets, Fig. 1447) are known from the Lias 
onward, and are not uncommon in the Tertiary. A large grass- 
hopper, Locusta speciosa, Miinst., is found in the Lithographic 
Slates of Bavaria.  Pygolampis gigantea (Chresmoda obscura) is 
considered by Haase as also a precursor of Mantidae and Phasmidae. 
Order 3. NHUROPTERA. 
Both pairs of wings large, of nearly equal size, membranous, and 
traversed by numerous delicate 
reticulated nervures. Antennae Fia. 1447. 
. ; . . Gryllus macrocercus, 
simple. Metamorphosis complete Germar. Oligocene ; 
or incomplete. Baltic amber, 3/9 
(after Germar). 
Like the Orthoptera, Palaeo- 
zoic forms of this order are characterised by their 
meagre differentiation, and are called by Scudder 
Neuropteroidea. Unless Palaeoblattina (see above) 
belongs here, the oldest fossil remains are found 
in the Devonian of New Brunswick (Lithentomwm, 
Xenoneura, Homothetus). A very considerable 
number of genera, in part well preserved, are 
known from the Carboniferous of Commentry, 
Saarbriicken, Bohemia, Saxony, Great Britain, 
and Illinois. Examples: Acridites, Palingenia, 
Genentomum, Propteticus (Fig. 1448), Strephocladus, 
PRUp Lats snyforines Betidex. | Goal Men: Lithomantis (Fig. 1449), Lithosialis, Brodia, Chres- 
sures ; Illinois. 3/y (after Scudder). totes, Hemeristia, Megathentomwm, Mischoptera, 
Psilothorax, Sphecoptera, Corydaloides, Homalo- 
neura, Blanchardia, Compsonewra, Meganeura (Fig. 1260, p. 604), ete. 


Fic. 1448. 
