SUB-PHYLUM III INSECTA 689 
Order 7. LEPIDOPTERA. Butterflies and Moths. 
Fore and hind wings similar, scaled, usually brilliantly coloured. Mouth parts 
suctorial, forming a spiral proboscis. Metamorphosis complete. 
Lepidoptera are very rare in the fossil state, and known as yet only from the 
Tertiary. Pseudosirex (Sphinx) Schroeter, from the Lithographic Slates of Bavaria, was 
considered a Lepidopteron by Oppenheim, but by Deichmiiller as a wood-wasp 
(Uroceridae). 
Most of the larger groups have isolated representatives in the Tertiary. The 
smaller moths (Microlepidoptera) occur in amber in various stages of development. 
Two species of Phalaenidae are known from Radoboj; a third is found at Aix, and 
another (Lithopsyche) in the Isle of Wight. Species of Noctuidae and several 

Fia. 1470. 
Fia. 1469. Barbarothea Florissanti, Scudder. 
Prodryas Persephone, Scudder. Oligocene; Floris- Oligocene; Florissant, Colorado. 1/}. 
sant, Colorado. 1/;. (after Scudder). 
Bombycidae have been described from Aix and from Oeningen. Of the Hawk-moths 
(Sphingidae) Sphinz is found in amber, and Sesia at Aix. Butterflies are very rare, 
but about a dozen genera are known from the fresh-water strata of Aix. Rott, 
Radoboj, and Florissant. From the last-named locality Prodryas (Fig. 1469) is 
exquisitely preserved. Two of the eight species known from this rich locality 
(Prolibythea, Barbaro- 
thea, Fig. 1470) belong 
to the now nearly extinct 
but widespread group of 
Libytheinae. 
Order 8. 
HYMENOPTHRA. 
Fore wings larger 
than the hind pair, thin, 
membranous, with few 
and separated nervures. 

Mouth parts adapted for Fia. 
biting and licking. Pro- ¢, Bélostomun, Pr Gene oe Fic. 1472. 
ae. 4 IS ny: ° 
thorax fused. Metamor- Slates ; Eichstadt, Bavaria. Atocus defessus, Scudder. Oligocene ; Floris- 
2/3. sant, Colorado. 3/. 
phosis complete. 
The oldest Hymenoptera occur in the Lias of Schambelen in Aargau, and belong 
to the ants. Apiaria, Belostomum (Fig. 1471), and Pseudosirer have been described 
from the Lithographic Slates; Formiciwm and Myrmiciwm from the Purbeck. <All 
other remains are of Tertiary age, and belong to the Tenthredinidae (Fig. 1472), 
VOL. I oy 
