including a new Arrangement of Phanerogamous Plants. 87 



pendulous ovule, including however those pendulous campylo- 

 tropal and amphitropal ovules with the foramen and (in the seed) 

 the radicle of the embryo turned away from the placenta, while 

 the cotyledons are in relation with it. 



4, 5 & 6. That these three positions may perhaps be equally 

 regarded as normal, although the 4th and 6th are comparatively 

 so rare. It may hei-e be observed that an ovule horizontal with 

 the raphe on its upper surface is doubtless equivalent with an 

 ovule pendulous with the raphe averse, and the same observa- 

 tion may apply to those having the raphe on their under surface, 

 as compared with those which are pendulous with the raphe next 

 the placenta. 



7. That an erect ovule with the raphe next the placenta is 

 usually an ovule raised into that po'--ition without any torsion 

 taking place in the funiculus, but that torsion may, in this in- 

 stance, sometimes have taken place, its noi-mal position in such a 

 case being lateral. It here becomes an interesting question as to 

 whether or to what extent twisting of the funiculus may take 

 place ; two positions there are at least in which in all probability 

 it does take place, — in some of those instances where the ovule is 

 longer than its raphe, and the funiculus so short that the ovule 

 appears as it were sessile ; thus in Gettm urbanum, the ovule in 

 growing erect must have the raphe next the placenta, as its apex or 

 foramen projects much below its point of attachment to the ovary, 

 and the ovule of Cliffortia ilicifolia must for the same reason in 

 being pendulous have its I'aphe next the placenta ; and as far as 

 my own observations have gone, I believe a very slight degree of 

 pressure will occasion twisting of the funiculus, so that the form 

 of the ovary or winged seeds might give rise to an alteration of 

 position. But whether it ever takes place spontaneously, as in 

 the filament of Lopezia, remains a question, as the funiculus 

 has verj' rarely any appearance of being twisted ; Dodonaa and 

 other Sapindacese, and part of Rhamnacese, as referred to by 

 Mr. Bennett, being the only instances particularly noticed where 

 it seems likely that the position of the ovule is to be attributed 

 to that cause. 



8. That a single ovule erect with the raphe lateral is a hori- 

 zontal ovule spontaneously becoming erect or pressed upwards 

 by the ovary remaining contracted below while its upper part 

 expands ; this is distinctly shown to take place in Tetragoniacese 

 (in an equivalent character), where Trianthema micrantha has two 

 seeds horizontal, one above the other, the cotyledons being late- 

 ral, and T. decandra two erect seeds, one completely above the 

 other, the cotyledons also in each of them being lateral. 



9. Ovule erect with the raphe turned away from the placenta. 

 This position is to be accounted for on the same principles as the 



