MINUTE ANATOMY OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL. 217 



Gianuzzi and others, as a continuation of the cell membrane 

 by Heidenhaim, and as a cuticular formation by Von Ebner. 

 That it was seen among the epithelium of Brunner's glands 

 by Schwalbe, who considered it secretion-capillaries with a 

 coagulation of their contents ; in the mammary gland by 

 Gianuzzi and Falaschi ; in the " rete Malpighii" of the skin 

 as small branched bodies deeply stained by gold ; in the epi- 

 thelium of the intestine by Fles and Erdmann, who deemed 

 it cement substance ; in the same situation by Zawarykin, 

 who described it as the borders of the cells ; in the serous 

 membranes by Klein, who described it as pseudo-stomatous 

 tissue and who considered it of great importance in absorp- 

 tion ; that possibly it was noticed among the endothelium of 

 lymphatic vessels by the name of stomata by His and Reck- 

 linghausen, and as stigmata by Arnold ; in the alveoli of the 

 lung by Sikorsky, Klein, and others, Klein having figured 

 it as interepithelial nucleated branched cells in connection 

 with the connective-tissue-corpuscles of the mucosa and thus 

 in continuity with the lymphatic vessel. It is also shown 

 how injections have been forced into it by Carter in many 

 places, as has been done much more completely by Arnold, 

 and that by a natural injection Thoma obtained a precipi- 

 tation in the same tissue. Injections have also been forced 

 into it by other observers, as Basch, Wittich, Zawarykin, 

 Sikorsky, and others. 



In concluding this chapter the writer expresses his view 

 that absorption is not a purely mechanical process, the fluids 

 being pressed along a semifluid reticulum, but that the re- 

 ticulum takes an active part in the process, and he quotes 

 an observation of Busk and Huxley to a similar eflect. 



The second chapter, on the minute anatomy of the pyloric 

 end of the stomach, commences with a short history of pre- 

 vious researches, which mentions Professor Loveu's discovery 

 of lymphatic vessels in the mucous membrane, and Rabe's 

 discovery of the unequal length of the glands of the stomach 

 of the horse. 



It is found that in those animals, as the dog and horse, 

 which have very compound glands, the stomach is thrown 

 into wave-like elevations of alternating long straight tubes 

 with long straight plicae villosse and short wide tubes with 

 folded sides and contracted plicae villosse, and that these 

 appearances are very similar to those which Ebstein has 

 given as representations of the stomach of a dog in stages 

 of sponge feeding and vegetable feeding respectively. 



The glands are described as consisting of wide cylindrical 



