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HERBERT WATNEV. 



that there are two kinds of glands in the pyloric end of the 

 stomach of man, mucous and acinous, and concluded that 

 the acinous glands of the portio pylorica may be considered 

 as a continuation of Brunner's glands. The observations of 

 Schlemmer, Schwalbe, and Heidenhaim are also mentioned. 



It is shown that near the point of union of the stomach 

 and intestine the stomach glands are slightly different to 

 those of the rest of the stomach, the coiled tubes are more 

 branched and convoluted, and the ducts somewhat shorter; 

 further, that the coiled tubes penetrate into or below the 

 muscularis mucosae; that at about the point of union they 

 break through to a greater degree, that at the commence- 

 ment of the intestine there are as many in the submucosse as 

 in the mucous membrane, the muscularis mucosee splitting 

 up and running among them. At this point the coiled tubes 

 must be called Brunner's glands. Still further down the 

 intestine but few glands are found above the line of the 

 muscularis mucosee, below it the glands are arranged in 

 separate lobes. Still further down the intestine we find a 

 definite muscularis mucosae with numerous Lieberkiihn's 

 crypts reaching down to it, Brunner^s glands consisting of 

 small lobes. Finally, the lobes are smaller and more isolated 

 and then cease. 



This continuity of the stomach tubes and Brunner's glands 

 was noticed in man, in the monkey, cat, dog, rabbit, hedge- 

 hog, and horse. In the rat this continuity could not be 

 traced. 



It was found that at the point of union of the stomach 

 and intestine the epithelium of the surface changes sud- 

 denly, so that on one side is seen the regularly arranged 

 cylindrical epithelium of the stomach, and on the other side 

 the granular epithelium of the intestine with goblet cells at 

 intervals. The glands of Lieberkiihn begin suddenly at the 

 point of union of the stomach and intestine. 



It was, moreover, shown that at the commencement of the 

 intestine, lymphoid follicles are very numerous, so that at 

 times they form a complete ring of half an inch in breadth. 

 This lymphoid tissue, however, varied in amount, the mucosa 

 being sometimes almost free from it, at other times com- 

 posed in a great measure of this tissue ; the latter condition 

 was found to be the case in dogs which were kept on a low 

 diet. The author wishes to lay particular stress on these 

 facts, as he concludes that this excess may, in itself, con- 

 stitute a paihologicaljcondition, and may be connected with 

 some of those pathological changes so frequently met with 

 in this part of the alimentary canal. 



