OF MAN AND THE LOWER ANIMALS. 41 
Moreover, a series of facts have been of late years observed 
and described, to which the term “ parthenogenesis”? can 
really be applied; and hence Owen’s discarded term may be 
turned to good account. In the three penultimate chapters of 
M. de Quatrefages’ work, these facts are collated. In the 
Liparis dispar, in Psyche, in the silkworm and other nocturnal 
Lepidoptera, it was stated, that females which have had no 
connection with the males can deposit eggs, which become 
developed. These observations were scattered in various 
works by Bernonilli, Tréviranus, Luckow, Burmeister, and 
others. In 1845, M. Tiezou, curate of Carlsmark, discovered 
that the queen bee can deposit ova, which are fertile, without 
intercourse with the male, the eggs, however, on hatching, 
producing only males. Siebold took the matter up, and with 
Leuckart investigated these phenomena. He found by careful 
experiment and observation, that Tiezou’s observations were 
perfectly correct; and, moreover, that this ¢rue parthenogenesis 
took place in the silkworm, and in many other groups of 
insects, crustacea, and mollusea. His observations have been 
since confirmed and extended by many naturalists. Messrs. 
Huxley and Lubbock have lately endeavoured to show that the 
viviparous individuals of Aphis produce their progeny primarily 
from a body which is the same in constitution as an ovum ; 
and, if so, we have here an instance of true parthenogenesis ; 
if, on the other hand, as M. de Quatrefages believes, and 
appears also from his own researches, these reproductive 
bodies are not comparable to ova, but are, as also the pseudova 
of the orange kermes described by Lubbock, buds, gemme, 
enclosed, it may be, in a sheil—then the case belongs to the 
series of geneagenitic phenomena, and is not parthenogenesis 
at all. We are inclined to think that this will, after all, turn 
out to be the true view that should be taken of the matter. 
There are forms of reproductive bodies intermediate between 
ova and buds, as shown by Lubbock, ‘ Phil. Trans.,’ 1861 ; 
and, although it appears that ¢rwe parthenogenesis does 
take place in the examples before cited—the queen bee, the silk- 
worm, and perhaps others : it remains for science to determine 
to which group of phenomena many doubtful cases belong. 
The author accounts for the phenomena of parthenogenesis 
which has thus been shown to occur, in the following man- 
ner :—The ovum has always a certain power of growth of 
its own, as he has shown in Hermella and Teredo, but it is 
usually very limited; the production of buds is also confined 
to certain groups and classes; so also it is possible, and 
probable, theoretically and apart from what has been ob- 
served, that the power of growth in the ovum should be 
