PEDICELLARLE OF ECHINODERMATA. Livers 
Amongst the family of the Asteriade the genera Cribrella, 
Palmipes, Solaster, Astropecten, and Asterina, are apparently 
equally deficient in true pedicellariz. 
Amongst the Hchinidze the author has had no oppor- 
tunity of examining Cidaris, Hchinocyamus, Echinarach- 
nius, or Amphidetus roseus; consequently he can give 
no definite opinion on these genera or species, but he 
thinks it probable that the latter, at least, may possess 
these pedicellarial organs.* The Holothuriade, together with 
the other cirrho-vermigrade Echinodermata, also want pedi- 
cellarize, for it is here scarcely necessary to remark that the 
calcareous spicula and perforated plates existing in these 
Echimoderms are the analogues of the pentagonal plates con- 
stituting the shell of the Echini, whilst the oral tentacles are 
quite free from calcareous appendages. 
In the genus Synapta the perforated plates and anchor- 
shaped appendages may possibly be thought to bear some near 
resemblance to pedicellariz, but a closer inspection of these 
peculiar bodies will conyince us that these perforated plates 
are also the analogues of the pentagonal plates of an Echinus 
shell, whilst the anchors are merely modifications of the 
spines, and are used as organs for prehension or locomotion, 
and assist the animal in raising its vermiform body to the 
mouth of its tube, the anchors being withdrawn during the 
period of contraction of the Synapta, and contribute little 
or nothing to the powers of defending the animal from the 
attacks of its predatory enemies. It will be seen that the pedi- 
cellarize of the genus Uraster have been well illustrated in 
two individual species, Uraster rubens and U. glacialis, and 
that they are very different in form from those of the 
genera Spatangus, Amphidetus, and Hchinus, all of which 
possess pedicellariz consisting of three calcareous blades, 
whilst the Urasters have invariably two blades in each pedi- 
cellarial head. 
Amongst the Echini the species miliaris, sphera, Flemingii, 
* Since this paper was read at the Bath meeting, the Rev. A. M. Nor- 
man has most obligingly placed at the author’s disposal his valuable collec- 
tion of pedicellarie of British Echinodermata; amongst them are those from 
the genera Luidia, Goniaster, Stichaster, Asterias, and Asterina, amongst, 
the Asteriade, and those of the genera Kchinocyamus, Cidaris, Bryssopsis, 
and Spatangus, amongst the Hchinide. The Rev. A. M. Norman agrees 
with the author that the orders Crinoidea and Ophiuroidea are deficient 
in pedicellariz, whilst the Asteroidea and Echinoidea mostly possess them. 
Some of these preparations have been described by Mr. Norman, in his 
paper “On the Genera and Species of British Echinodermata,” in the 
‘Annals Nat. History,’ Feb., 1865, which contains also some very impor- 
tant alterations in the nomenclature. 
