REVIEWS. 291 



spoken of as an amateur. In the only sense in which the 

 epithet is true of Mr. Darwin, it also applies to M. de Lacaze 

 Duthiers, since he, too, pursues science for the love of it. 

 His former labours have earned him a distinguished place in 

 European science, and he deserves more than national grati- 

 tude for the courage and enterprise which have led him to 

 found these archives of zoology. 



The first number was already printed nearly two years ago, 

 when its publication was arrested by the declaration of war. 

 In a few lines of introduction the editor speaks of its reissue 

 as a proof of confidence in the future, and continues : 



" Le reveil du mouvement intellectuel en France est a nos 

 yeux chose assuree. II a sa raison dans notre defaite. II doit 

 etre sans limites, comme nos desastres et nos malheurs." 



The field which the journal seeks to occupy, " la zoologie 

 experimentale et generale," is further defined as including 

 *' histoire naturelle, morphologic, histologie, evolution des 

 animaux." The principal title, " zoologie experimentale," 

 though, perhaps, not quite so strictly limited as the corre- 

 sponding term in English would imply, is too restricted 

 without the qualifications which follow, and with them 

 scarcely accurate. The question, how^ever, how far zoology 

 can be called an experimental science, is discussed at length 

 by the editor in the first article, " Direction des Etudes 

 Zoologiques ;" and it is on this subject that the following 

 criticisms are offered. 



M. Lacaze Duthiers begins by pointing out that the first 

 step in the history of the natural sciences is " contemplation " 

 of surrounding objects ; then follows their collection, de- 

 scription, or reproduction by art. The next step is to classify 

 or arrange these objects, and to invent for them a convenient 

 nomenclature. After describing the reforms of Linnaeus as the 

 completion of this second period, our author defines the new 

 path in zoology which was opened by Cuvier's anatomical 

 researches as the path of experiment.^ In vindicating the 

 experimental character of zoology, he proceeds to discuss 

 a dictum of M. Claude Bernard, that while physiology is, like 

 physics and chemistry, a " science d'expeiimentation, expli- 

 cative, active, et conquerante de la nature," zoology belongs to 

 the sciences of contemplation and observation, like minera- 

 logy, geology and botany. 



Now, eminent as have been M. Bernard's services in his own 

 department, he seems scarcely entitled by universality of 



^ It is remarkable that in his rapid but able sketch of the progress of 

 zoology M. Lacaze Duthiers does not even mention the illustrious name of 

 Hunter. 



VOL. XII. NEW SER. X 



