28 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS. 
the formation. It is now lodged in the Museum at Norwich, and is the 
specimen which first convinced me many years ago that the “ Crag ” 
yielded a species of Elephant entirely distinct from the Mammoth and 
from E. antiquus. It is represented, one-third of the natural size, by 
figs. 18 and 18 a of Pl. XIV. B., under the misnomer already explained, 
of Elephas antiquus, in the “ Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis.” It is the last 
true molar, lower jaw, right side, showing eleven principal ridges, an 
anterior talon, and a back talon limited to a single thick digitation. 
The first five ridges are slightly worn, the rest being intact. The fangs 
are broken off, but the definition of the anterior large fang is distinctly 
traceable. The cement over the surface generally has been decomposed 
or denuded, and is replaced by a crust of Crag matrix, of a very rusty 
appearance, filling the interspaces. The anterior talon thins off from 
the outside inwards, and is considerably narrower than the first ridge, 
of which the inner edge is broken. The apices of the ridges, from the 
second to the fifth inclusive, are all more or less fractured, and the 
digitations present very thick enamel. The sixth, seventh, and eighth 
ridges show each about four thick digitations ; the ninth and tenth from 
four to five, converging; and the eleventh four digitations, the inner- 
most of which is fractured. The definition of the base of the crown 
behind is a little damaged, but nothing is wanting. The dimensions 
are :— 
Extreme length of crown, 11:25in. Width of crown in front, 3°3 in. Width at 
fifth ridge, where the crown is broadest, 3°8in. Extreme height of ridge, 4°8 in. 
Width of ninth ridge, 3°5in. Height of ninth ridge, 4°6 in. 
‘From these dimensions it is apparent that, in a length of 114 inches, 
there are eleven ridges, with talons, and the seven ridges from the 
fourth to the tenth inclusive, measured along the inner wall of the 
crown, yield a length of fully 7 inches, being an average of one plate 
io an inch, and fully equal to the expansion of the ridges in the African 
Elephant, or in EF. (Loxodon) planifrons. The terminal divisions of 
the ridges form stout irregular cylinders, as thick as the little finger, 
while in the Mammoth they are more slender and quill-shaped. The 
digital lobes of the ridges in EL. meridionalis are so massive and distinct 
that they have occasionally been figured and described as being of 
Mastodon. —H.F. 1857. (Reproduced in Plate VIII. of vol. 11.) 
PEATE DOVE 
Elephas insignis! (Fale. and Caut.). From the Sewalik hills. 
This is the most remarkable of all the Indian fossil Elephants. The 
cranium is as singular and grotesque in construction as that of the 
Dinotherium giganteum. 
The cranium is seen to differ remarkably from that of EL. Ganesa 
(Plates XXI. and XXII.) notwithstanding that the molars of the two 
species agree so closely. That of KH. insignis is flattened at the top, 
elongated from side to side and singularly modified, so as to bear an 
analogy to the cranium of Dinotherium giganteum, while that of L. 
Ganesa does not differ much from the ordinary type of the Elephants. 
(See also Plates XLII, XLIII., XLIV., and XLV.) —Specimen is not in 
B.M. 
1 This is one of the forms included under Mastodon Elephantoides by Clift. See 
notel, p. 41. 
