DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 3 
EAT Ee 
Fig. 4 a.—Elephas Africanus. Vertical section of a penultimate 
erinder, upper jaw, of the existing African Elephant, in the possession of 
Mr. C. Stokes. It is composed of nine principal divisions and a subordi- 
nate talon ridge, the four anterior of which are partly worn, the rest being 
entire. The ivory segments consist of long narrow wedge-shaped plates, 
the height of which is many times greater than the width of their base. 
The interspaces are deep and filled up with copious cement. The enamel 
and common basal mass of ivory are much less than in either L. insignis 
or E. planifrons, the latter being only sufficient to establish a common 
connection between the bases of the segments, and a foundation for the 
offset of the fangs, which are numerous. 
Length, 8-7 in. 
Fig. 4 b.—Elephas Africanus. Vertical section of penultimate molar 
of lower jaw, belonging to Mr. C. Stokes. It is composed of nine 
cuneiform plates. This tooth had been a long time in use, all the 
plates, except the last being affected by wear. The anterior part of the 
crown has been ground down to nearly one-third of its original height, 
so that the enamel divisions between the two anterior ivory plates have 
disappeared, and the latter are confluent into a common mass. The 
section exhibits the same kind of wedge-shaped ivory plates, a similar 
amount of cement in the interspaces, and an analogous thickness of 
enamel as in #. planifrons, fig. & b. 
Length, 7:2 in. 
Fig. 5 a.—Elephas planifrons, from the Sewalik hills. Vertical section 
of penultimate upper molar, with nine ridges, the three anterior of 
which alone have been in use, the two first being worn down to a 
single disc of ivory. The ridges are seen to be much more elongated 
vertically than in /. insignis (fig. 6a), but to be considerably less so 
than in the African Elephant. From the latter it also differs in the 
enormous quantity of cement, filling up the valleys and enveloping the 
ridges, and in the much greater thickness of the folded plates of enamel. 
The enamel is reflected over the ridges of ivory, and down into the 
hollows zig-zag wise, exactly as in H. ensignis.—B.M. 
Length, 8°7 in. 
Fig. 5 6,—Elephas planifrons. Vertical section of portion of last 
molar of lower jaw, with nine ridges, and presenting the same general 
characters as fig. 5 a. The lower tooth, however, had been longer in use, 
and all the ridges are more or less worn, except the two last.—B.M. 
Fig. 6 a.—Elephas insignis, from the Sewalik hills. Vertical section 
of last upper molar. The four anterior ridges are affected by wear ; 
the six posterior ridges are entire, the fangs are fully developed, and 
their mode of implantation iy the jaw is distinctly shown. The white 
mass in the centre represents the body of ivory, which is projected 
upwards in ten angular lobes, terminating in a sharp edge. The height 
of these lobes does not much exceed the width of their base, and closely 
applied over them is a thick layer of enamel reflected up and down in 
a continuous zig-zag plate. The interspaces of the five posterior ridges 
of enamel are completely tilled up by a mass of cement much exceeding 
the enamel in thickness (vide Plate VI. fig. 7). This is the best illustra- 
