THE MALLEUS OF THE LACERTILIA, ETC. 595 



Now, all these relations, excepting the one with the ptery- 

 goid, occur in the case of M. Albrecht's quadrate. If, then, 

 it is borne in mind that it is solely because of the enormous 

 development (compared to that in the Sauropsida) of the alis- 

 phenoid in man that the separation of the quadrate and pterygoid 

 is due, it will be admitted that M. Albrecht had good grounds 

 for holding the quadrate of the lower gnathostomous Verte- 

 brata as homologous with the zygomatic portion of the squa- 

 mous part of the temporal bone of Mammalia. 



Summary. 



To resume ; 



I. 1 believe that I have discovered in Lacertilia a true mal- 

 leus homologous with that of Mammalia, and that this circum- 

 stance allows of a modification of the table of homologies given 

 by M. Albrecht ^ in the following manner. 



Interl'euestral Chain. 



I I ; \ 



Fishes in general Suspensonuru. , 



Teleosteans ; Symplectic... + Hyomandibular. 



Sauropsida ' M. tymp. ... Malleus + Columella M.ovalis.l 



Mammalia M, tymp. ... Malleus + Incus + Os j 



lenticulare + Stapes M. ovalis. 



Columella M. ovalis. 



1st ossicle + 2nd ossicle I 



+ 3rd ossicle + 4th | 



ossicle + M. ovalis. I 



. I -i • ( Urodela. M. tymp. 

 ^•"P^"'^^nAnoura. :M.tymp. 



II. I believe that I have determined the morphological 

 value of the malar bone of Mammalia. It is as follows : 

 Malar = postfrontal + jugal + quadrato-jugal. 



> P. Albrecht, ' Sur la valeur morphologique, &c.,' p. 253, m. 



Albrecht has also communicated to me his idea that the Malleus is nothing 

 else than the symplectic of Teleosteans. The grounds on which he supports 

 this opinion are, that according to Stannius the estra-mandibular portion of 

 Meckel's cartilage fixes itself upon the symplectic. I am the more disposed to 

 admit the correctness of this homology because, in the Lacertilia, it is to be 

 clearly observed that the Malleus (in regard to which M. Albrecht agrees with 

 me) is the intermediate bone between the quadrate and the columella (hyoman- 

 dibular), just as in the osseous fishes the symplectic is interposed between 

 the quadrate and the hyomandibular. 



