24 



VEETEBRATA. 



promiueut tubercle of the lachiymal houe; and more angular and relatively 

 shorter zj-gomatic processes. Moreover, the outer contour of one ramus meets 

 that of the other at a more open angle. In the structure of the molars, this 

 species comes nearer to the Indian Elephant than the African, the plates being 

 disposed in nearly parallel lines. But the tu.sks have a bolder and more exten- 

 sive curvature; some have been found which describe a circle, but the curve 

 being oblique, they thus clear the head, and point outward, downward and 

 backward. The cranium of the Elephas 'primiyenms is elongated and the 

 forehead concave. A lower molar can be distinguished from an upper one by 

 the grinding surface being slightly concave in the direction of its longest 

 diameter, that of the upper molar being in the same degree convex. Most of 

 the molars of the New World ]\Iummoth are characterized by thinner and 

 more numerous plates than those of England, but the difference is not constant. 

 The creature was covered with sliaggy hair, so that it was fitted to live as near 

 the pole as was compatiljle with the growth of hard}^ trees or shrubs, but the 

 sterile region in Northern Siberia, where the remains occur so abundantly, 

 undoubtedly had a warmer climate at the period when the Mammoth lived 

 than at present. This very perfect specimen was disinterred from a Pleistocene 

 deposit at Lippe, Rhenish Prussia, and is in the Universitj^ Museum at Bonn, 

 Rhine Valley. Size, 12 x 13. 



No. 39. [141] Elephas primigenius, Blum. 



Sixth Upper Molar 

 (cast). This unusually 

 perfect and well pre- 

 served specimen shows 

 well the distinctive 

 structure of the Mam- 

 moth grinder, and the 

 inclination of the plane 

 of the triturating sur- 

 face to the vertical lines 

 of the enamel-plates, 

 due to the oblique 

 growtli of the tooth 

 from the alveolar sock- 

 et. The oiiginal, weighuig fourteen pounds, was found in Siberia, and belongs 

 to the Ward Collection in the University of Rochester. Size, 11 x 8. 



No. 40. [1258] Mastodon giganteus, Cuv.' 



Skull, Tusks and Jaw (cast). Mastodon remains were first discovered at 

 Albarry, N. Y., and described by Dr. Mather in the PhilosoiMcal Transactions 

 for 1712. The first remains seen in Europe were found thirty years after, by 

 Longueil, on the edge of a marsh near the Ohio River, and hence the French 

 called the unknown creature, "the animal of the Ohio." Bones have since 

 been found as high as 70° N. But they mainly frequented a more temperate 

 zone; and we have no evidence that any species was specially fitted like the 

 Mammoth to brave a cold climate. The remains occur chiefly in the United 



