STUDIES ON EARTHWORMS. 219 
the forward position of the male pore it is an Anteclitellian 
form. 
Then followed Schmarda (25) in 1861, who described and 
formed the genera Pontoscolex and Pericheta. The 
former is from Jamaica and has seven setz only in each somite, 
which alternate with those of the next somites, giving fourteen 
rows of sete. In Pericheta the clitellum occupies somites 
XIV, Xv, xv1; the female pore is single, median, and in xiv; 
the paired male pore is in xviit; the sete are numerous, and 
form a ring all round each somite. All the species described 
by Schmarda came from Ceylon. 
P. brachycycla has no clitellum; is 88 mm. long, and 
3 mm. broad. 
P. leucocycla has a white ring round each somite (prob- 
ably on this ring the setz were placed); it contains eighty- 
eight somites. Length 300 mm., breadth 15 mm. 
P. viridis contains 209 somites, fifty setze to each. Length 
100 mm., breadth 4 mm. 
P. cingulata contains 100 somites, with forty setz to each. 
Length 130 mm., and breadth 6 mm. 
Besides these new genera, Schmarda describes two species of 
Hy pogzon (Sav.), but says nothing about the ninth seta. 
H. heterostichon came from Quito and Cuenga, with the 
sete diverging posteriorly. Its length is 220 mm., and 
breadth 11 mm. It has 263 somites. 
H. orthostichon, from New Zealand, has the setz parailel 
throughout the body, which consists of sixty somites. The cli- 
tellum is at somite xiv. The total length is 80 mm., and 
breadth 4mm. The description of these two is insufficient to 
give any confidence in their validity. 
Kinberg (19) added numerous new genera in 1866, most of 
which are so insufficiently described that it is impossible to 
retain their names. 
Tritogenia is said to have no clitellum, and the male pores 
are between somites xvi and xvi1. There are only six sete to 
each somite. (Habitat not given.) 
Mandane, from Montevideo and Patagonia, has the clitellum 
