STUDIES ON EARTHWORMS. 275 
passes there is a mass of brown pigment. I expected to find 
glands of some sort here, but sections showed that the pigment 
was in the connective tissue round the cesophagus ; the wall 
internally is raised into numerous circular and longitudinal 
villi (Pl. XVI, fig. 27). 
(d) The Gizzard (G.) then follows in somite vi. It thus 
lies very much further forward than in Lumbricus, though in 
other forms it has nearly as forward a position as in Microcheta. 
Perrier has noticed that this forward position of the gizzard 
accompanies the forward position of the clitellum in Post- 
clitellian and Intraclitellian worms. 
The gizzard has the same appearance as in Lumbricus, being 
rather shiny, vascular, and hard; but in this case there is a 
constriction near its hinder end, so that we have a large ante- 
rior portion, which alone has the characteristic chitinous lining 
secreted by the epithelium, and a smaller posterior portion which 
is simply muscular ; thus the anterior division is the functional 
crushing organ. 
(ec) The tubular intestine (¢nt. ¢.) leads from the gizzard 
to the sacculated intestine in somite x111. It is cylindrical, has 
a diameter about two thirds that of the cesophagus, has a fairly 
thick muscular wall, and its internal epithelium is raised into 
longitudinal ridges, as is the case in that of the cesophagus. In 
somite 1x there is a hemispherical swelling (gl. int.) on each 
side, the intestinal gland, which in the fresh state is red 
in colour owing to the highly vascular character of the wall. 
These glands are merely saccular enlargements of the lumen of 
the intestine. ‘i 
In section they have somewhat the appearance of Claparéde’s 
figure of the ceesophageal gland of Lumbricus. The wall consists 
of a number of tubular glands radiating away from the intestine; 
each gland consists of a lumen surrounded by squarish, granular 
cells, and between each of these closely-packed tubes is a broad 
space, continuous with the vascular network on the surface of the 
whole gland, and enlarging as it nears the lumen of the intestine. 
I tested for carbonate of lime in a portion of the gland and 
was successful in obtaining an effervescence proving the exist- 
