150 FREDERICK TUCKEEMAN. 



organs of taste in the frog. The soft palate has also, he says, 

 the power of taste. The conical papillae he considered tactile 

 organs. In 1849 he (54) redescribed these organs, and also 

 speaks of the gustatory nerves terminating in the fungiform 

 papillae on the dorsum of the tongue, and of a gustatory area 

 situated at the summit of each papilla. 



In 1851 Leydig (23) described in the external skin of fresh- 

 water fishes certain beaker- or flask-shaped bodies, which he 

 was disposed to regard as organs of a tactile nature. In 1857, 

 he showed (24) that the epithelium covering the end surfaces 

 of the fungiform papillae differs from the rest of the epithelium. 

 Later investigators, with the exception of Fixen, have con- 

 firmed this. 



In 1863, J. E. Schulze (34) redescribed the beaker-shaped 

 bodies of fishes, and considered them organs of taste. He 

 found them in greatest number where the fibres of the glosso- 

 pharyngeal nerve are most thickly distributed, i. e. in the 

 mucous membrane of the palate, upon the gums and tongue 

 rudiment, on the inner side of the gill arches, and upon the 

 lips. In structure he found them to agree, in most respects, 

 with the organs of taste of the frog. The beakers he described 

 as composed of two kinds of cells, viz. Sinneszellen and Stiitz- 

 zellen, or sensory and supporting cells ; the former having a 

 peripheral and central process. In 1867, he stated (35) that 

 the peripheral extremity of the taste- cell bears a fine hair-like 

 process as in mammals. In 1870, Schulze (36) described, in 

 the papillae of the mouth of a larval amphibian (Pelobates 

 fuscus), bodies resembling in structure the beaker-shaped 

 organs of fishes, which he considered taste organs. 



In 1872, Todaro (44) described, in the papillae covering the 

 rudimentary tongue of Trygon pastinaca, a number of club- 

 shaped bodies connected with the ultimate ramifications of the 

 glosso-pharyngeus nerve, which he regarded as organs of taste 

 and analogous to those of mammals. At the base of the gus- 

 tatory organ the nerve loses its sheath, and the fibrillae of the 

 axis cylinder separate and join the central processes of the 

 taste-cells. 



