TONGUE AND GUSTATOEY OEGANS OF MEPHITIS MEPHITIOA. 153 



of the bulb. He says that in man and the calf the gustatory 

 nerve-fibres lose their medullary sheath in the outer layer of 

 the mucous membrane, the axis cylinder being prolonged into 

 the bulb, where it divides into terminal branches which are 

 distributed to the taste-cells. In the calf the peripheral process 

 of the taste-cell carries no hair at its extremity. Loven found 

 taste-bulbs and cells on the upper surface of the fungiform 

 papillae of the calf, rat, and rabbit, the small ones containing 

 a single specimen only. He also detected in the rat and rabbit 

 a few taste-bulbs in the outer wall of the trench encircling the 

 circumvallate papilla. 



In 1867, Schwalbe (37) published the preliminary report of 

 his investigation of the " Schmeckbechers " in the papillae of 

 the sheep, ox, horse, dog, cat, and rabbit. His detailed account 

 (38) of the taste-goblets of these animals, including also those 

 of the deer, pig, guinea-pig, hare, and man, appeared the fol- 

 lowing year. His description of their location and structure 

 agrees essentially with that given by Loven. He found taste- 

 bulbs in man and the dog on the outer wall of the trench sur- 

 rounding the circumvallate papilla, and in the fungiform 

 papillae and lateral organ of taste of the pig. He notes in man 

 and the sheep two kinds of taste cells, namely, staff-cells 

 (Stabzellen) and needle-cells (Stiffchenzellen) . He found in 

 the sheep at the apex of the bulb, after treatment with per- 

 osmic acid, a circle of fine short hairs or cilia, which appeared 

 to spring from the end of the cover- cells. In the sheep also, 

 at the base of the circumvallate papilla, is a richly-developed 

 nervous plexus. He speaks of the small branches of the glosso- 

 pharyngeus being provided with ganglia, especially where the 

 nerve divides at the base of the papilla. 



Engelmann (9) found bulbs in the fungiform papillae of the 

 mouse and cat, and described them in the lateral organs of 

 taste (papillae foliatse) of the rabbit and hare. He says that 

 usually the central process of the taste-cell divides, at a short 

 distance from the nucleus, into two branches. He speaks of 

 groups of ganglion-cells in the branches of the glosso-pharyn- 

 geus ramifying beneath the taste-ridges of rodents, and points 



