156 FREDERICK TUOKERMAN. 



serous glands open into the spaces around them. The centre 

 of the ridge is nearly filled by non-medullated nerve-fibres, 

 which radiate outwards to end in the bulbs. The bulbs are 

 developed at the ends of long papillary processes. Nerve- 

 fibres can be followed into the bulbs where they pass between 

 the cells in various places. Poulton suggests " that the primi- 

 tive type of bulb was papillary in position and subepithelial in 

 structure, and has gradually given way to a bulb that was 

 interpapillary and epithelial/' 



Among recent observers who have studied the taste organs 

 of mammals, especially with regard to development, are Lustig 

 (28) and Hermann (11). The former has described the de- 

 velopment of the taste-bulbs of man and the rabbit, and the 

 latter has investigated the papillae, circumvallatse, and foliatse 

 of the foetal and newborn rabbit. In the papilla circumvallata 

 of the latter Hermann found taste-bulbs on the summit. 

 Boulart and Pilliet (58) have, within a short time, examined 

 the tongues of a number of mammals, with special reference 

 to the presence or absence of the papillae foliatse. 



Holl (15) has lately studied the taste organs of Sala- 

 mandra maculata. Goblet-shaped sense organs, or end- 

 bulbs have been described by Leydig (25) in the skin and 

 mouth of various snakes, and Wiedersheim (55) says that they 

 are present in the lizard and blindworm on the inner sides of 

 the upper and lower jaws. Ihlder (17) has described the end- 

 ing of nerve-fibres in the tongue of birds. He traced them 

 into oval, concentric, club-shaped bodies, like those seen by 

 Krause and Kolliker in the lingual papillae of mammals. 



The Tongue of Mephitis mephitica. 

 The tongue about to be described was taken from quite a 

 young animal, and the following method was adopted in pre- 

 paring it for histological examination. As soon as removed 

 from the body it was placed in a mixture of five parts Miiller's 

 fluid and one part alcohol. After remaining in this mixture 

 for ten days it was washed for thirty-six hours in running 

 water, and then transferred to strong alcohol, where the har- 



