ON THE QUADRATE IN THE MAMMALIA. 169 



On the Quadrate in the Mammalia. 1 



By 



l>r. G, Baur, 



of New Haven, Coun. 



In what skeletal piece in the Mammalia is the quadrate of 

 the Sauropsida and Ichthyopsida to be looked for? is a ques- 

 tion which has received very varied answers. 



During the last few years several works have appeared which 

 attempt to answer this question, and that in a new way. There 

 are several by Albrecht, 2 and one by Dollo. 3 



I will first of all set myself to discuss shortly Albrecht's 

 researches. 



He brings forward the various views as to the mode of 



1 Translated by Wm. B. Benham, B.Sc., from the ' Biolog. Centralblatt,' vi, 

 (1886), pp. 648—658. 



2 P. Albrecht, ' Sur la valeur morpkologique de l'articulation mandibulaire, 

 du cartilage de Meckel et des osselets de l'orice, avec essai de pruver que 

 Pecaille du temporal des mammiferes est composee primitivement d'un squa- 

 mosal et d'un quadratum,' Bruxelles, 1883. 



Ibid. ' Sur le crane remarquable d'une idiote de 21 ans,' Bruxelles, 1883. 



Ibid. ' Sur le valeur morphologique de la trompe d'Eustache, et les derives 

 de l'arc palatin, de l'arc mandibulaire, et de l'arc hyoidien des vertebres,' 

 Bruxelles, 1884. 



Extracts from these works are found in : 



P. Albrecht, " Ueber den morphologischen Werth der Gekorknochelchen und 

 des Unterkiefergelenkes der Wirbeltiere," * Official Report of the Pifty-sixth 

 Meeting of German Naturalists and Doctors,' Preiburg, 1884, p. 143. 



Ibid. " Ueber den morphol. Werth des Unkerkiefergelenkes, der Gehork- 

 nochelchen, und des mittlern, und aussern Ohres der Saugetiere." ' Report of 

 the Third International Otological Congress at Basel, 1884/ Basel, 1885, p. 8. 



3 L. Dollo, " On the Malleus of the Lacertilia and the Malar and Quadrate 

 Bones of Mammalia," 'Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci.,' October, 1883. 



