ON THE QUADRATE IN THE MAMMALIA. 173 



5. The malleus in the Mammalia serves for the insertion of 

 the tensor tympani : the same, according to Parker, should be 

 the case with the ec malleus " of the Lacertilia. 



These are Dollo's arguments, and he concludes in the follow- 

 ing terms : " I believe, therefore, that I have found in the 

 Lacertilia a true malleus, which is homologous with that of 

 the Mammalia, and that we have a support for Albrecht's 

 theory. The columella of the Sauropsida, therefore, will not be 

 homologous with the malleus and incus, and articulare and 

 stapes, but, as Albrecht thinks, only with the three last pieces. 

 Albrecht later denoted the homology of these three pieces by 

 the name " Columelli na." 



Let us now subject Albrecht's work to a short examination. 

 First of all, it must be remarked, that his view — that the 

 quadrate of the Sauropsida is homologous with the zygomatic 

 process of mammals — is not absolutely new. Indeed, in 

 1810, Tiedemann says, in his well-known work, e Anatomie 

 und Naturgeschichte der Vogel/ vol. i, p. ] 91, " The two 

 quadrate bones of birds are analogous with the articular region 

 of the squamosal of man and mammals, namely, with the 

 glenoid fossa, the glenoid process, and the zygomatic process 

 of the squamosal, which have become detached from the 

 squamosal as a separate bone/' Further, Platner 1 upheld 

 this view in the most decided manner. 



Kostlin 2 is also of this opinion. 



Again, the possibility of the separating of the zygomatic 

 process from the scale of the squamosal was recognised before 

 Albrecht. Duvernoy adduced an instance of this sort in the 

 second edition of Cuvier's ' Lecons d'Anatomie Comparee/ 

 vol. iv, p. 98: "We are led to compare the quadrate bone 

 to that portion of the temporal which furnishes the glenoid 

 fossa, and we base this comparison on the fact that this 

 portion of the temporal is separated from the petrous and 



1 F. Platner, ' Bermerkungen iiber das Quadratbein und die Paukenkokle 

 der Vogel/ Dresden and Leipzig, 1839. 



2 0. Kostlin, ' Der Bau des Knockerneu Kopfes in den Vier Kiassen der 

 Wirbelthiere/ Stuttgart, 1884, pp. 212, 213. 



