28 MARCUS M. HARTOG. 
by the nuclei wandering into foreign protoplasm, and by the 
plastogamy of the cytoplasm. 
“* Azygospores” or “ pseudo-zygospores”’ may be formed by 
such gametoids as fail to conjugate. But we must be content 
to leave the true nature of this paragenetic process unde- 
termined so long as we are in ignorance of the nuclear pro- 
cesses involved. 
(c) Higher Fungi. 
The hyphe of the higher Fungi are transversely septate, 
with usually multinuclear chambers ; by lateral tubular out- 
growths above and below the septa, which fuse and become 
pervious to form loops, or so-called “ clamp-connections,”’ pro- 
toplasm with or without nuclei can pass from one chamber to 
another; but to what extent migration does take place we do 
not know. . 
The lower Ascomycetes show apparently a siphonogamous 
union, the larger “‘ ascogonial’’ cell (or gametoid ?) ultimately 
growing out into the sporiferous asci; but we really know 
nothing of the cytology of the process. 
In certain closely-allied Licnens an oogonium similar to 
that of other Ascomycetes is formed, which, however, emits a 
trichogyne like that of Floridez, but repeatedly septate. 
Spermatia (probably uninucleate) are also formed here by 
abstriction from special hyphz, and conjugate with the 
trichogyne, after which the ascogonium buds off asci. Here, 
again, we know nothing of the nuclear relations. 
The majority of Ascomycrrtszs and all the BastpiomyceETEs 
are completely apogamous, so far as is known. 
In Ustitacine® from the spores is formed a rudimentary 
mycelium ; this divides into four gametal cells, which conju- 
gate by loop or clamp connections; or else usually four 
elongated uninucleate sporidia are formed which conjugate in 
pairs, forming H-shaped unions with their fellows or neigh- 
bours. Fisch states that there is no nuclear fusion ;! but there 
is certainly plastogamy. After conjugation one (or both?) of 
1 According to Vines, ‘ Veg. Phys.,’ p. 618. 
