266 B. GRASSI AND A. SANDIAS. 
and the wing-rudiments of the resulting royal examples are 
therefore absent or very ill-developed. [When a nymph with 
more evident wing-rudiments is selected for the throne, one or 
more of these (usually that of the right fore-wing) is bitten off 
CPLIG, tig. TS) 
Ihave repeatedly stated that the royal forms may originate 
in two ways; in one case they are derived from perfect black 
examples, of which the wings are fully developed and become 
detached along a special line of fissure, so as to leave a short 
stump (the Schuppe or Squama of authors). These ex- 
amples constitute the true black or normal kings and queens. 
In the other case the royal forms are substitutional, and origi- 
nate from examples which have suffered an arrested develop- 
ment of the wings, and in which the compound eyes are 
usually but not invariably pigmented! (Pl. 16, figs. 17, 25). It 
is remarkable that the antenne are never found intact in any 
king or queen, whether true or substitute, however young it 
may be. And the majority of royal forms possess a different 
number of joints, varying from thirteen to six or even four on 
either side. 
A most striking feature of the Calotermite colony is the 
entire absence of workers, in which this species agrees fully 
with the American form studied by Fritz Miller. 
It may, therefore, be concluded that the kingdom of 
Calotermes is composed of three castes: that of the soldiers ; 
that of individuals which reproduce without becoming black 
imagos ; and lastly, that of forms which lay eggs after the 
acquisition of fully formed wings,—that is, after reaching the 
stage of the perfect insect. 
The phenomena related in this section may be recapitulated 
in the following synthesis. 
The normal development of Calotermes up to the 
perfect stage may undergo deviation at different 
1 Perfect insects which are still white may also become substitute forms. 
They do not darken, and the wings are torn off, rarely along the special line, 
but usually irregularly as in Termes lucifugus (q. v.). These observations 
were made after the present work was completed. 
