558 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. 



As in the other breeds, these deficiencies are largely confined to 

 Individuals and ianiilies, hence may easily be eliminated by proper 

 selection of breeding stock. 



The third animal is a typical representative of the Galloway 

 breed, black and hornless, extremely low set, deep bodied with long 

 shaggy coat and an abundance of qualit3\ He has not been fed 

 so long as the Hereford, hence is not in as high condition. This 

 breed is noted for its ability to withstand severe climatic conditions 

 and for the quality of meat produced when slaughtered. The^- mature 

 at an early age and the cows are usually good milkers. The 

 objections Avhich are usually given do not apply to all individuals 

 or families but are a lack of size, a neivous temperament and a ten- 

 dency to fatten more slowly than the other breeds. They are es- 

 pecially adapted to the production of beef in some of the most rugged 

 sections of the State. 



The other animals, the two-year-old red steer, weight 1,600 pounds, 

 the two roan steers and the white calf are typical representatives 

 of the Shorthorn, which is more widely distributed than any other 

 breed of beef cattle. They represent quite well the same general 

 type of the Angus, Hereford and Galloway, being low-set, deep- 

 bodied, thick-fleshed and showing an abundance of quality. The 

 Shorthorn is the largest of any of the breeds of beef cattle, and 

 the cows are usually good milkers. The objections to them are that 

 they do not mature or fatten so easily at an early age, they are apt 

 to be leggy and are frequently coarse. There is a greater variety 

 of color and type among Shorthorns than any other breed of cattle, 

 depending almost entirely upon the local conditions under which 

 they are produced and the personal fancy of their breeders. 



All of these animals represent the type which will be profitable 

 to produce in those sections of Pennsylvania where the land is not 

 too valuable to keep in permanent ])astures. In the production of 

 beef, it will be necessar}' to select one of these breeds, the particular 

 one being determined by the personal fancy of the breeder, and then 

 select them in such manner that they will mature and fatten at an 

 early age and when fattened will produce carcasses which will be 

 most desirable from the standpoint of both packer and retail dealer. 



In the dairy business, we find that a profit can be secured from 

 a herd made up of cows of indifferent breeding, provided each in- 

 dividual produces milk or fat at a profit. In the beef business, 

 however, we do not look to the individual so much as to the entire 

 lot of cattle for a profit, as they are usually fed and sold in groups 

 rather than individually, hence all animals should be as nearly as 

 possible of the same breeding, age, type and condition at all times 

 in order that one or two inferior animals should not detract from 

 the value of an entire lot. 



The two steers which will be used in the carcass demonstration 

 are a two-year-old pure-bred roan Shorthorn, weight 1,450 pounds, 

 bred in Greene county. Pa., and fed at State College, and a scrub of 

 about the same age purchased in a carload of feeding cattle during 

 the month of November on the Pittsburg market. On examining 

 these two steers closely, you will notice that the Shorthorn has a 

 broad, short head, indicative of the beef type and of the ability to 

 mature at an early age, while the scrub has a long, coarse, narrow 



