320 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



cracks of the trunk and under scales of bark. From these are hatched 

 in the spring the stem-mothers of other vigorous generations that find 

 their way to the roots. 



The round-headed apple tree borer fSuperda candidaj is usually 

 found in the lower part of the trunk. When full-grown it is more than 

 an inch long, a stout, yellowish white grub, broadest across the joints 

 just back of the small head, but not so disproportionately expanded 

 in this region as the so-called flat-headed species. The head is dark 

 brown, with strong, horny jaws. So far as has been ascertained, it 

 requires three years for development from the ef^g to the mature 

 beetle. The latter is a beautiful species belonging to the group of long 

 horns or capricorns fCerambycidceJ. It is three-fourths of an inch 

 long, of somewhat flattened, elongate-oblong form and cinnamon brown 

 color, ornamented on the back with two broad, milk-white, longitudinal 

 stripes. This beetle is so strictly nocturnal that it is seldom seen, 

 even in the worst infested orchards, unless taken out of the tree be- 

 fore it is quite ready to emerge. It lays its eggs during the mid-sum- 

 mer nights in incisions cut by its jaws in the bark of the tree near the 

 ground. The larvie hatch in about two weeks and at once cut their 

 way into the sap wood upon which they begin to feed just under the 

 bark. Over the flat, shallow tunnels which they make, the bark will 

 usually shrink and become discolored, which will reveal their presence 

 to the careful observer. They may also often be located by the grains 

 of sawdust-like castings, which drop from the hole by which they en- 

 tered. The greatest damage is done during the second summer, as it 

 burrows back and forth through the sap wood destroying the tissues 

 and choking the circulation of the sap. The third season it cuts deeply 

 into the solid wood in which it forms a cell where it may safely pass 

 its transformations, first, however, gnawing a passage to the outer 

 bark which it loosely packs with chips and fibres that are easily pene- 

 trated by the beetle when, after two or three weeks' rest as a pupa, it 

 is ready to emerge in its perfect form. 



When this borer is once in the tree, there is no remedy but to 

 look up its situation and cut it out with a knife or kill it with a pointed 

 wire. It may be kept from laying its eggs by painting the trunks of 

 the trees with soft soap thickened with caustic soda, or with a wash of 

 common soap-suds to each gallon of which is added a couple ounces of 

 sulphur and about a tablespoonful of carbolic acid. Common white- 

 wash will also keep it ofif. 



Tbe flat- headed borer f Chrysobothris femorataj works, generally, 

 in the upper part of the trunk and main branches. It requires but 

 a single year for its development, and in the destructive stage, while 



