TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 59 



gigantic species was most probably the Elephas meridionalis of Nesti, whose remains 

 are found in the pliocene formations of the south of Europe, and whose existence as a 

 characteristic fossil of the British crag and its equivalent freshwater deposit at Grays, 

 had been fully determined by Dr. Falconer, and confirmed by the observations of Mr. 

 Waterhouse. The smaller species appeared to be identical with the mammoth or 

 Arctic elephant of Siberia, whose tusks are remarkable for their double curvature, and 

 the grinding teeth for the great number of enamel plates. The bones of this animal 

 are less mineralized than those of the older species ; they have been found over all 

 Northern Eui'ope, they are dredged in many parts of the British Channel, and occur 

 in some of the caves. They are closely connected with the strata containing spruce 

 fir-cones at Bacton, and with those newest beds containing Arctic sea-shells and other 

 indications of a colder climate. 



On the Distribution of Granite Rocks from Sen Cruachan. 

 By William Hopkins, M.A., F.R.S., Pres. Geol. S. 

 Mr. W. Hopkins exhibited a map of the lochs and mountains around Ben Cruachan, 

 with the distribution of the trains of granite blocks to which he had alluded last year 

 at the Edinburgh meeting. He had formerly been unable to explain by what means 

 the granite blocks supposed to have been derived from Ben Cruachan had crossed the 

 mountain group between Loch Fyne and Loch Lomond, so as to gain access to the 

 latter, and form a stream extending to the Clyde and Glasgow. Since then, he had 

 discovered in this very mountain group a granitic tract not marked on the geological 

 maps, in the immediate vicinity of Loch Sloy, at a height of from 1500 to 2000 feet, 

 and agreeing in mineral character with these travelled blocks, which may therefore 

 have descended Loch Long and Loch Lomond with the same facility that the granite 

 blocks of Ben Cruachan have entered Loch Awe, and those of Loch Etive have reached 

 Oban and Kerrara. They are dispersed along the sides of the valleys to the height of 

 300 or 400 feet. Mr. Hopkins then referred to the possible causes of (he dispersion 

 of the granite blocks ; — if by ocean currents, then the country must have been de- 

 pressed nearly 2000 feet, as Wales is believed to have been about the same period; if 

 transported by floating ice, independently of glaciers, then also the country must have 

 had a lower level ; terrestrial glaciers may also have been agents, if their existence was 

 allowed. The character of the blocks — being at first large and angular, but becoming 

 smaller and more rounded, — was opposed to the supposition that floating ice or terres- 

 trial glaciers were the principal agents in their removal. If floating ice had been the 

 cause, then the sphere of dispersion would probably, also, have been much greater. 

 In Glen Wray he had observed indications of what he considered true moraines. He 

 was inclined to believe that more than one of these causes had been in operation in 

 the dispersion of these blocks from their respective centres. 



On the Age of tJie Copper-bearing Rocks of Lake Superior and Huron, and 

 various facts relating to the Physical Structure of Canada. By W. E, 

 Logan, F.R.S. ^ G.S., Director of the Geological Survey of Canada. 

 In the present paper it is my purpose to place before the Association, in as con- 

 densed a form as possible, one or two of the main features of the physical structure 

 of Canada, ascertained in the progress of the geological survey now carried on in the 

 country, under my direction, by the authority of the provincial government. 



With the exception of the drift, the country is composed of rocks, none of which 

 are newer than the carboniferous epoch. The general geographical distribution of 

 these rocks, as far as ascertained and as connected with the physical structure of 

 the bordering states of the American Union on the one hand, and the sister British 

 provinces on the other, is represented on the map which is displayed to view. 



One of the points to which it is my wish to draw attention is the age of the cop. 

 per-bearing rocks of Lakes Superior and Huron, as determined by the evidences eoU 

 lected on the Canadian survey; and another, the differences that exist in the structural 

 condition of the western and eastern parts of the province. 



The rocks on the north shore of Lake Superior consist of reddish granite and 

 syenite, which in ascending order pass into micaceous and hornblendic gneiss and allied 



