86 REPORT — 1851. 



continued. On the morning of the 19th occurred a dreadful shock, of which the 

 Spanish MS. from which I extract this says, ' the movements were now more rapid, 

 and in the twenty-four hours there were more than 200 shocks. The heavens were 

 darkened with clouds of eruptive matter, flashes of lightning were seen, and then 

 there descended mucii white ashes like a fall of snow, which covered the country 

 around.' On the 28th of the same month happened the most dreadful shock of 

 all. The town of Quinistacas, four or five miles distant from the volcano with 

 100 inhabitants, was buried ; the town of Ornate also perished; also many villages 

 in the viciuity were ruined j indeed, the whole country was desolated, and ashes 

 fell more than ninety miles distant from the volcano. The first earthquake I 

 experienced was in 1825 and at Chile. There was a shaking of the ground, 

 some houses and walls fell down, and the water in the (arequias or) water- 

 courses splashed over. I was also in that of 1829, being in Santiago. The com- 

 motion commenced on Saturday the 26th of September at twenty minutes past 

 2 P.M. The principal undulations appeared to come from the south-east. The 

 great shock was 1^ minute duration. Half an hour afterwards there was a shower 

 of rain, and'ano^er slight shower at half-past 4 p.m. The weather, however, 

 before the earthquake was rather inclined for rain. During the night of the 26th 

 there were slight shocks ; also some on the following days, Sunday and Monday. 

 On Friday the 1st of October, at half-past 12, there was another shock, as well as 

 at half-past 1. I went out into the street and found the inhabitants looking at two 

 volcanoes that had broken out, one in the Dehsa, behind the first range of the Cor- 

 dillera; the other in the mountains of Maipu (which last was observed to be in acti- 

 vity just after the earthquake of the 26th), the smoke rising majestically. In Peru I 

 have felt many, but not very heavy ones. In the province of Tarapaca, lat. 20° 

 south, I have noticed them as occurring two or three times a month, sometimes 

 accompanied by a slight rumbling noise which appeared to be subterraneous. But 

 on one occasion, being in the silver mines of Guantajaya, a few miles east of the 

 port of Iquique in the province of Tarapaca (these mines are from 2000 to 3000 feet 

 above the sea), at about 100 yards perpendicular depth in the mine a slight rumbling 

 noise was heard, as if coming from the Andes, which increased and then passed 

 onwards to the west ; the noise was immediately followed by a horizontal undulatory 

 movement, then a vertical, then a mixture of these, or a shake, and then all was quiet, 

 save a commotion occasioned by some of the loose stones of the mine rolling down- 

 wards. My impression then was, and still continues, that earthquakes in the region 

 under discussion (Peru and Chili) originate from volcanic causes. A great part of the 

 Andes is volcanic ; Chile abounds in active and quiescent volcanoes ; and in the 

 province of Tarapaca there are the volcano of Isluga, with its five craters, the 

 Volcancitos or water volcanoes of Puchuttisa, — doubtless many quiescent ones,— on 

 its northern boundary the volcanic group of Gualtieri, and on its southern the vol- 

 canoes of Laguna, Olea, &c." 



071 the Negro Races of the Indian Archipelago and Pacific Islands. 

 By W. John Crawfurd, F.R.S. 



Oriental negroes are found thinly but widely scattered from the Andaman islands 

 in about 80° of E. longitude, to the New Hebrides in the Pacific, in about 175° E. 

 longitude; and from the Philippine islands in 18° N. latitude, to New Caledonia in 

 about 21° S. latitude. These eastern negroes are known to Europeans under various 

 names. The Malays term the inhabitants of New Guinea Papua, or more correctly 

 Pua-pua. Europeans, taking this as an authority, call New Guinea and its inha- 

 bitants both Papua. 



The word pua-pun is an adjective and signifies crisp, frizzled, woolly. To com- 

 plete the sense for the country or people, it is necessary to state the nouns-substan- 

 tive, tona/j = country, and oz'aw= people. Thus oran pua-pua := a woolly-headed 

 man ; and tanah oran ])ua-puaz= the land of woolly-headed men. 



European writers have also sometimes termed them Alfores; which word has 

 been converted by English and French writers into Arafura and Harafura, and 

 referred to a Malay source. It is not, however, Malay, because the letter F is not 

 to be found in any written language of the Indian archipelago, and seldom does the 

 sound occur in any of the unwritten ones. The word is Portuguese, and means 



