16 τ REPORT—1850. aT γὸ 
lay level with the sea, many feet, nay sometimes many fathoms above 
its former height. 
2nd species.—The raising of a considerable part of the bottom of the 
sea, and making it lie above the surface of the water, by which means 
divers islands have been generated and produced. 
3rd species.—Raising considerable mountains out of a plain or level 
country. 
4th species.— The raising of the parts of the earth by the throwing on 
of a great access of new earth, and for burying the former surface 
under a covering of new earth many fathoms thick. 
The second sort or genus. 
lst species.—A sinking of some part of the earth’s surface lying a good 
way inland, and converting it into a lake of almost unmeasurable 
depth. 
2nd species.—The sinking of a considerable part of the plain land near 
to the sea below its former level, so that the adjoining sea comes in 
and overflows it. 
3rd species—A sinking of the parts of the bottom of the sea much 
lower, and creating therein vast vorages and abysses. 
4th species—A making bare or uncovering divers parts of the earth 
which were before a good way below the surface, and this either by 
suddenly throwing away these upper parts by some subterraneous 
motion, or else by washing them away by some kind of eruption of 
waters from unusual places vomited out by some earthquake. 
The third sort or genus. 
Species 1.—Are the subversions, conversions, and transpositions of the 
parts of the earth, 
The fourth sort or genus. 
Species 1.—Are liquefaction, baking, calcining, petrifaction, transfor- 
mation, sublimation, distillation, &c. 
So much will serve for a sample of Hooke, who in fact uses earthquake in 
a sense commensurate with all geological action on the earth’s surface; and 
it is perhaps rather in this sense, than in its strict one, that he comes to the 
true conclusion that “there is no country almost in the world but has been 
some time or other shaken by earthquakes.”—>p. 311. 
He even gives an undue importance to his own sense of the word. Thus 
he supposes that elevations by earthquakes may have changed the centre of 
gravity of the earth and the length of the year. 
One sentence will suffice to give a notion of Woodward’s views:— - 
“This subterranean heat or fire being in any part of the earth stopt by 
some accidental glut or obstruction in the passages through which it used to 
ascend, and being preternaturally assembled in great quantity into one place, 
causes a great rarefaction and intumescence of the water of the abyss, putting 
it into very great commotions ; and making the like effort upon the earth 
expanded upon the face of the abyss, occasions that agitation and concussion 
which we call an earthquake.”—Woodward, Nat. Hist. 1695. 
‘ The Earth twice shaken wonderfully, or an analogical Discourse of Earth- 
quakes,’ by J. Ὁ. R. 4to, Lond. 1693-94, said to be by Rouffional, a French 
Protestant minister, a curious and learned tract, with ten corollaries discussed. 
He previously inquires,—Cap. 1. How many sorts of earthquakes there are. 
Cap. 2. What was the nearest natural cause of this earthquake. Cap. 3. 
