32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 
preceding suggestions, will find a large measure of relief from 
the fly nuisance, if the manure is stored in tight, practically fly 
proof cellars, such as can be easily constructed with the modern 
concrete foundation. Flies breed but little in darkness, and the 
writer has known of barns comparatively free from flies, simply 
because the manure was stored in the darker parts of a large 
barn cellar. 
The treatment of manure described above should be supple- 
mented by care in preventing the accumulation about the premises, 
cf decaying organic matter such as fruit, table scraps, etc. Swill 
barrels should always be provided with tight covers and care ex- 
ercised that there be no leakage or an accumulation of fly-breeding 
miaterial about the barrel. The old-fashioned box privy should be 
abolished unless the same be conducted on the earth closet prin- 
ciple and the contents kept covered with lime or dry earth, so as 
to prevent both the breeding and infection of flies. The modern 
water-closet is by far the best and safest solution of this last 
named difficulty. The presence of numerous flies about the dwell- 
ing may be construed as indicating a nearby, usually easily elim- 
inated breeding place. 
It will be found in practice that some flies are very apt to exist 
in a neighborhood even after the adoption of rigid precautions. 
They should be kept out of houses, so far as possible, by the use 
of window and door screens, supplemented by the employment of 
Tanglefoot or other sticky fly paper. This, though somewhat dis- 
agreeable, is much to be preferred to the use of poisonous prep- 
arations which are likely to result in dead flies dropping into 
food. Prof. C. P. Lounsbury, Government Entomologist of South 
Africa, suggests, in addition to the above, putting fresh pyrethrum 
powder upon window sills and supplementing this by the judicious 
use of an insect net. 
Bibliography 
The following bibliography comprises most of the more import- 
ant literature relating to the life history and habits of the house fly 
and its part in the dissemination of various diseases affecting man. 
1869 Packard, A. S. Am. Nat. 2:638-40 oak 
Observations on the anatomy and life history. 
1873 ————— On the Transformations of the Common House Fly, with 
Notes on Allied Forms. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc. 16:136-50. 
A detailed account of the life history and of the anatomy of the early stages, with Erief 
notices of allied species. 
