36 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 
1oor_ Howard, L. O. The Carriage of Disease by Flies. U. S. Dep’t 
Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 30. n. s. p. 39-45 
A discussion of the house fly and associated species as carriers of disease, with a con- 
sideration of protective measures. It is assumed that the fly was responsible in a large 
measure for the typhoid outbreak in the army camps during the late Spanish-American War. 
1902 Ehrhorn, Edward M. Insects as Distributors of Human Dis- 
eases. Cal. State Bd Hort. 8th Biennial Rep’t, 1901-2, p. 103-14 
The life history and methods of controlling the house fly are briefly discussed on pages 
111-12. It is considered an active agent in the dissemination of typhoid fever. 
1902 Firth, R. H. & Horrocks, W. H. An Inquiry into the Influence 
of Soil, Fabrics and Flies in the Dissemination of Enteric Infection. 
Brit. Med. Jour. no. 2178, p. 936-43 
An extended discussion with the conclusion that house flies, Musca domestica, 
ean convey enteric infective matter from specific excreta or other polluted material to ob- 
jects on which they may walk, rest or feed, and that enteric bacilli pass through the digestive 
tract of the fly. 
1902 Howard, L. O. Insects as Carriers and Spreaders of Disease. 
Ws S) DepresAeric) Yiear Book, 1ooljeps 177502 
The life history of the house fly and methods of controlling it and at the same time o 
preventing the dissemination of typhoid fever by means of flies is given on pages 185-88. 
1902 Lounsbury, C. P. Agric. Jour. (South Africa) Jan. 30, repr. 
Dp. 2-50 
A detailed account of the house fly with a discussion of repressive measures. It is stated 
that medical men in India firmly believe that cholera is very frequently transmitted by the 
house fly, though typhoid or enteric fever is considered the most important disease conveyed 
by this insect. It is stated that an American zoologist found that fly maggots, genus Musca 
(species not stated), will devour the common round worm eggs and that the eggs of the 
latter are passed off alive in the excreta of the winged adults. 
1902. Veeder, M. A. Typhoid Fever From Sources Other Than Water 
Supply. Med. Record, 62:121-24 
A case is cited where typhoid was perpetuated from year to year, the continuation of the 
trouble being ascribed to a physician recommending the burial of typhoid excreta and its 
execution by anurse. The death of these two parties was followed by a change in the dis- 
posal of typhoid infected material and the practical disappearance of the disease. A typhoid 
outbreak in the Spanish-American War, occurring in a company of the best and most in- 
telligent men, is charged to improper sanitary regulations, actuated by kindliness on the 
part of comrades. Data is also given respecting a picnic ground where unsanitary con- 
ditions prevailed and have undoubtedly been responsible for a number of typhoid cases, 
through the agency of the house fly. 
1903 Geddings, H. D. The Fly and Mosquito as Carriers of Disease. 
Ohio Sanitary Bul. 7:31-39 
Recommends the employment of every possible means to prevent the multiplication of 
flies and the infection by them of kitchens and messing places. 
1903 Hamilton, Alice. The Fly as a Carrier of Typhoid. Am. Med. 
Ass’n Jour. 40:576-83 
A detailed study of a typhoid outbreak in Chicago. She states that Majors Firth and 
Horrocks succeeded in proving that flies feeding on typhoid infected material could carry 
the same to suitable cultural mediums. The following are her conclusions: 
1 The epidemic of typhoid fever in Chicago during July, August, September and Octo- 
ber of 1902 was most severe in the r9th ward which, with 1-36 of the city’s population, had 
over 1-7 of all the deaths from this disease. 
2 A concentration of the epidemic in this locality can not be explained by contamination 
of the drinking water, or of food, or on the ground of ignorance and poverty of the inhabi- 
tants, for the r9th ward does not differ in these respects from several other parts of the city. 
