54 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 
beetle. This wholesale destruction can hardly be characterized as 
less than inexcusable and, in the estimation of some, might well be 
termed criminal negligence. It should be stated that the above 
conditions are not representative of all sections of the city, though 
they are typical of certain regions and important in that they give 
a concrete idea of what may be expected in other communities if 
the elm leaf beetle is allowed to multiply unchecked or is fought 
in a more or less desultory manner. It should be further noted 
that the lamentable conditions on Hamilton street and vicinity, 
noted above, are in an area which has been sprayed more or less 
thoroughly, mostly the latter, we fear, for over a decade. This 
injury is not the result of one season’s neglect but is the cumula- 
tive effect of severe injury, in spite of spraying for a series of 
years. We would also add in this connection that the spraying in 
Albany during 1912 has given materially better results. 
The selection of a spray outfit for community work is a some- 
what difficult matter. Elms, even large trees, can be thoroughly 
sprayed with a hand outfit, provided the pump is of a good type, 
there is plenty of hose, the tree is climbed and the distribution 1s 
thorough. Work with a hand outfit is slow, costly and can be 
recommended only when comparatively few trees are to be 
sprayed. There are a number of light power sprayers equipped 
with engines of 11% to 4 or 5 horse power which have been exten- 
sively used in shade tree work. These are generally provided 
with plenty of hose and much climbing is usually obligatory, espec- 
ially if a nozzle delivering a fine spray is employed. The latter 
is ideal, though on account of the large amount of labor necessary 
in order to bring the nozzle sufficiently close to the foliage, spray- 
ing in this manner is costly. This has resulted in the gradual 
change from the fine spray to the coarse spray, and from that to a 
modified solid stream and eventually to a solid stream. The 
latest development along this line has been the large outfit with a 
10 horse power engine capable of delivering the insecticide at the 
mouth of a nozzle one-quarter of an inch in diameter or there- 
abouts at a pressure of 200 pounds. The nozzle generally used 
with this equipment is about six feet long and is capable of throw- 
ing the insecticide to the top of the tallest trees even when the 
vperator is standing upon the ground. This outfit makes possible 
the very rapid treatment of many trees and greatly reduces the 
‘cost of application, which amounts to only ten to twenty cents a 
tree. [Experience has shown that this high pressure stream breaks 
