REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQI2 127 
APPENDIX 
SUD OR GALL MIDGES 
The gall midges comprise an immense family of small flies or 
Diptera known as the Itonididae or Cecidomyiidae, represented 
in America by about goo known species, approximately half hav- 
ing been reared from the deformities or galls they produce or 
matter upon which they live. The species referable to this family 
may be recognized by the tibiae being unarmed apically, the coxae 
not produced, and the wings usually with but three or four long 
veins and no crossveins. Extreme forms may have six or seven 
long veins and one crossvein or, as a result of reduction, the wing 
veins may be nearly absent. 
There are in this family a number of important insect pests, 
Buch as the Elessian fly, Phytophaga destructor Say; 
fie wheat midge, Itonida tritici Felt; the pear midge, 
Bonmtarinia pyrivora. Riley; the clover midge, Dasy- 
neura leguminicola Lintn.; the violet gall midge, Phy- 
ropiaca violicola Coq.; the rose midge, Dasynewra 
rhodophaga Cogq.; and the grape blossom midge, Contar- 
inia johnsoni Sling. In addition to these there are a num- 
ber of other potentially injurious midges, not to mention European 
species, which may become established in this country at almost 
any time and cause serious losses in somewhat the same way as 
did the Hessian fly in earlier years. 
Our knowledge of American gall midges was in a very unsatis- 
factory condition in 1895. The following discussion of the Les- 
tremiinae and Heteropezinae comprises a systematic descriptive 
account of these groups. 
LESTREMIINAE 
The members of this subfamily are almost invariably medium to 
small, dark brown or black species, easily distinguished from all 
other Itonididae by the five tarsal segments, the metatarsus being 
longer than the following segment, and the presence of the fourth 
long vein, which latter may be either forked as in Lestremia 
or simple and obsolescent as in Campylomyza. The antennae 
may be moderate as in Lestremia and Campylomyza or extremely 
short as in Tritozyga and Microcerata. The circumfili, so 
characteristic of the higher groups, are entirely wanting in this 
