102 MAUD D. HAVILAND 
Gardiner, who gave me facilities to carry out the work in the 
Zoological Laboratory at Cambridge ; and my obligations to 
Professor J. J. Kieffer, and to Mr. G. T. Lyle, who kindly 
determined the specimens of Proctotrypoidea and Braconidae 
submitted to them respectively. 
BIOLOGICAL STATUS. 
The genus Ly gocerus was founded by Forster, and is 
included in the sub-family Ceraphroninae. Ashmead (1, p. 103) 
and Kieffer (18) state that the Ceraphroninae are almost 
exclusively parasitic upon Homoptera (Aphidae) and Diptera 
(Cecidomiidae, &c.). Riley is said to have reared a Ly go- 
cerus from a tortricid larva (Lepidoptera), but Ashmead 
considers the observation to be of doubtful accuracy. The genus 
contains a number of species obtained from aphides, but their 
bionomics have hitherto been in doubt, authorities disagreeing 
as to whether they are parasites or hyperparasites. 
Curtis believed correctly that they were hyperparasites, and 
Buckton (4) agreed with him ; but later writers have reverted 
to the view that these Proctotrypids are directly parasitic upon 
the aphides from which they are reared. Thus Ashmead 
(1, p. 21), who says that the larvae all feed upon the host 
internally, continues: ‘Lygocerus and allied genera 
living in the Aphidae, gnaw a hole through the ventral surface 
of the aphis, and after securely fastening the aphid by a silk- 
like secretion to the leaf or twig upon which it has been feeding, 
pupate within the body of their host, which, im lieu of a cocoon, 
affords ample protection to the larvae to undergo their trans- 
formations.’ Gatenby (9) says, ‘I am inclmed to support the 
view that the Proctotrypid is a parasite and not a hyper- 
parasite ’. 
The subjects of this paper, Lygocerus testaceimanus, 
Kieff., and L. cameroni, Kieff., are both hyperparasites. 
The eggs are laid and the larva stages are passed outside the 
body of the host. The Aphidius larva, in the course of its 
development, devours the internal organs of the aphis in which 
