DEVELOPMENT OF CUCUMARIA ECHINATA 179 
together and trusting to chance to obtain some orientated in 
the right direction. But unfortunately his materials were fixed 
only once every day, so that there were gaps between the stages 
he obtained. He was able to publish only preliminary notes 
without figures, and no final report. In his ‘ Holothurien’ of 
Bronn’s ‘Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs’ (21, 
1889-92) he summarized the facts known up to that time chiefly 
in Labidoplax digitata, Holothuria tubulosa, 
and Cucumaria planeci. 
Mortensen (82, 1894) described in detail the young of 
a brooding form, Cucumaria glacialis. Another brood- 
ing form, Phyllophorus urna, was then studied by 
Ludwig (24, 1898). Lo Bianco’s skill managed to keep 
the young of that species alive for two months outside the 
mother’s body in a small aquarium. 
In Edwards’s study (12, 1909) on Holothuria 
floridana much attention was paid to the development 
of the ambulacral appendages, some important details in the 
early changes of other organs being left unnoticed. Des 
Arts (2, 1910) succeeded in rearing larvae of Cucumaria 
frondosa and observed some early changes and pathological 
accounts caused by change of temperature. The most promising 
work has been carried on by Newth on C. saxicola and 
C. normani, yet we know of his results only through a pre- 
liminary note (86, 1916). 
Thus far the important works so often referred to in the 
present paper. Other works left unnoticed in the above enumera- 
tion will be cited later on as occasion may require. 
8. Meruops or INVESTIGATION. 
The newly-shed eggs were transferred to a larger glass vessel 
by a pipette. The vessel was cylindrical in shape, 28 cm. in 
diameter and 18 em. in height, and was filled with clean filtered 
sea-water. The water was changed the next morning, and was 
afterwards left unchanged. The vessel was tightly covered with 
a class plate, and was soaked in cool well-water which was 
changed once or twice a day. 
NO. 258 O 
