DEVELOPMENT OF CYNIPID HYPERPARASITES 469 
CoMPARISON or THE Larvan CHaracrers or Charips wiri 
THOSE OF OTHER HNTOMOPHAGOUS CYNIPIDAE. 
Our knowledge of the larval forms of the other entomo- 
phagous Cynipidae is limited to three species. 
In 1834 Bouché (2) described the full-grown larva of Figites 
anthomyiarum, Bouché, found in the puparia of A ntho- 
myia (Diptera). 
In 1886 Handlirsch (9) gave an account of the corresponding 
stage of another Figitine, Anacharis typica, Walker, 
parasitic upon Hemerobius nervosus, Fabr. 
In 1913 Keilin and Pluvinel (18) described the post- 
embryonic development of an Encoiline, Encoila keilini, 
Kieff., parasitic upon the Dipteron Pegomyia. 
In comparing the full-grown larva of Charips with these 
three forms, we find certain structural differences between 
them. Charips and Anacharis possess thirteen segments, 
whereas Figites and Encoila have but twelve. The 
tubercles of Anacharis are distinctive, and Enecoila 
alone possesses simple mandibles. Figites, Anacharis, 
and Kneoila all have nine pairs of spiracles, a character 
they share with the phytophagous forms. In Charips 
there are but six pairs of spiracles (exceptionally seven), 
and these are not arranged upon consecutive segments. 
As regard the early stages, the only form available for com- 
parison with Charips is Encoila. Jn the first instar the 
larvae are of the same general type, but Charips differs 
from inc oila in the absence of pronounced thoracic processes, 
and in the possession of a chitinized skin, mandibles, and an 
enlarged anus. ‘The embryonic membrane does not seem to 
occur in Encoila, and, so far, has not been recorded in the 
Cynipidae. 
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