The Development of the Sea Anemone 
Bolocera Tuediae (Johnst.). 
By 
Prof. James F. Gemmill, University Coll., Dundee.2 
With Plate 22. 
Bolocera tuediae was recorded and described from 
deep water near Berwick by Johnston (11) in 1832. Gosse 
described it more fully in 1860 (10, p. 185) and the following 
is his summary of its characters: ‘Base adherent, not much 
exceeding the column. Column pillar-like, the diameter 
and height sub-equal ; surface generally very smooth, studded 
with warts remotely scattered. Dise smooth, circular in 
outline, not overlapping the column. Tentacles short, 
thick, constricted at foot, obtusely pointed, loagitudinally 
furrowed, flexuous and motile, easily separated, not retractile. 
Mouth raised ona cone. Stomach capable of bemg greatly 
protruded.’ The tentacles are, however, moderately long and 
slender when fully extended during life. 
Carlgren (8, pp. 34-6) adds that the genus Bolocera is char- 
acterized by the presence of a relatively well-developed diffuse 
or circumscribed endodermal sphincter, that the column has 
no ectodermal longitudinal muscular layer, that the tentacles 
have a well-marked endodermal sphincter at their bases, and 
that probably all the mesenteries except the eight ‘ Edwardsia ’ 
ones are fertile. Carlgren follows MeMurrich (16) in judging 
that Bolocera must be placed in a separate Family, the Bolo- 
ceridae. Its nearest allies are probably among the Antheinae 
in which, however, the sphincter is extremely feeble if not 
entirely absent (see Delage, 6, ii. 2, pp. 503-5). 
In the Clyde Fauna List (Laurie, 18, p. 367) Bolocera 
‘IT am indebted to the Trustees of the Carnegie Trust for a grant 
towards the expenses of this investigation. 
