( 422 ) 



2800 m., but on the ridges of the N.E. side of the range descending 

 to 1600 m. altitude. 



Although adult trees cannot well stand deep shade, this does not 

 apply to very young individuals. This is evident from the following 

 note made by me in 1891 l ): Small trees of Albizzia moluccana 

 Benth., which had shol up after a forest tire in August 1891 

 on mount Wilis (in Java) at an altitude of about 1800 m., had 

 were V/ i — 2 m. high, when 1 ascended the mountain on October 

 15 th 1891, and there so crowded together, that these naturally grown 

 Albizzia-woods resembled nursery beds. Under these, in fairly deep 

 shade, I found numerous seedlings of Casuarina montana, growing 

 wild and about 0.2 m. high. 



The distribution and the oecological condition- of C. montana v ax. 

 tenuior may be characterized as follows-. Extraordinarily great power 

 of resisting drought, strong winds and the strong direct sunlight of 

 the alpine region, and, but only in earliest youth {not later) power 

 of resisting shade. Very common in Central .lava at 1650 — 3000 in. 

 and in the eastern pari of Eastern .lava at about 1400—3000 in. 

 altitude, but wild growing quite unknown west of mount Lawoe, 

 indigenous not known either from the mount Oengaran [in contra- 

 diction to the inaccurate statement of Mtquel in his Flora Ind. Bat. 

 I. 1. p. 875]. 



§ 4. Means of distribution of Casuarina equisetifolia and C. montana. 



Both species appear to be well adapted for distribution by wind, 

 and in spite of the negative results of Guppy's floating experiments, 

 they seem also adapted for distribution by ocean currents. 



In the winged fruit of Javai ese specimens, examined by me, I 

 observed the following dimensions. C equiseüfolia Forst.: fruits 

 l 1 /, — 2 mm. long and 1--L 1 /, mm. broad compressed laterally, 

 with a very thin, obovate wing, 5 mm. long and 3 mm. broad. In 

 C. montana var. tenuior Miq. : fruits l 1 / % — V/ 4 X l--17»nini., 

 strongly compressed laterally, with very thin ovate wing, 2— 2 x / 4 mm. 

 long and l 1 /, — I s I a mm - broad. 



In his well-known experiments, on the floating of fruits and seeds 

 Gtuppy found, that the fruit cones of Casuarina equisetifolia Forst. 

 remain floating on a 3 1 /, percent solution of common salt for 1—2 

 days at the most. This period is not, however, sufficient to account 

 for the known, wide over-sea distribution of this species. On repeating 

 the experiment of Guppy, 1 could only confirm the shortness of the 



J ) Compare Koord, and Valetom Bijdr. Booms. Java 11. (1895) 294. 



