882 
for instance showing the opposite case. It should also be taken into 
account, that in closely-related groups, e.g. the Ornithoptera, Anti- 
machus and Druryia, which for good reasons are considered highly 
primitive in many features, there is not the slightest indication of 
tails. And as to the original groundform of Rhopalocera in general, 
this can scarcely be supposed to have carried such prominent 
appendages at its hind-wings. 
Though all males of P. dardanus, together with some of its (come 
mimetic) female forms, can be considered as corresponding to only 
one type, this type undoubtedly is subject to very wide variation, and 
the trend of this variability lies in the direction of the pattern of the 
mimetic females. So we might consider those males which in the 
extension and the design of their markings come nearest to the 
females as the least-altered ones, and this view is found to coincide 
with the general assumption, that absence or restriction of markings 
is a consequence of their obliteration by the transgression of hues 
from their original centre over neighbouring areas. 
In the male of P. dardanus it is the yellow shade which gets 
the supremacy, and more or less reduces the black markings to 
total extinction. Consequently racial forms in which the black shows 
a greater extension, like meriones, tibullus and triment, represent the 
less modified forms of the male type. Comparing these variations 
with the mimetic females, we see that they agree with them to a 
higher degree than the more-uniformly yellow males, and that the 
special features in which this nearer agreement shows itself, are in 
fact precisely those details of pattern, wherein these females seem 
to deviate from the assumed specific Dardanus-type, and to simulate 
their Danaid models. | 
Let us consider e.g. the narrow black border along the front- 
margin of the forewing of the male butterfly and those female forms, 
which bear the masculine type. Some specimens of (he typical Dardanus 
show a rather imperceptible thiekening in the middle of this rim, 
proximad to the discoidal nervure. In bullus this thickening is much 
more striking, in meriones and antinorw it can touch the back-limit 
of the discoidal cell, and in ¢rimenz it stretches as a black crossbar 
in an outward and backward direction up to the dark marginal 
area along the outer wingborder, thereby cutting up the yellow area 
into an antero-external and a postero-internal part. E. Haase: Unter- 
suchungen über die Mimicry auf Grundlage eines natürlichen Systems 
der Papilioniden (Bibl. Zool. III, 1893) in his Fig. 4 on page 13, 
numbers this bar as N°. IV + V. Comparison with the female forms 
cenea, acene, niavina, ruspinae, trophonius, trophonissa, hippocoon, 
